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.2023 Dec 7:15:1173-1181.
doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S442054. eCollection 2023.

The Epidemiology of Bile Acid Diarrhea in Denmark

Affiliations

The Epidemiology of Bile Acid Diarrhea in Denmark

Martin L Kårhus et al. Clin Epidemiol..

Abstract

Objective: Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is a socially debilitating disease with frequent bowel movements, urgency, and fecal incontinence as the main symptoms. It is caused by excessive bile acid levels in the colon and is most commonly treated with bile acid sequestrants. It is estimated that 1-2% of the population suffers from the disease, but only a fraction of these are properly diagnosed with the gold standard ⁷⁵selenium-homotaurocholic acid (SeHCAT) test. Here, we use nationwide registries to describe the demographic characteristics of individuals suffering from BAD in Denmark.

Methods: Since the International Classification of Diseases diagnosis code for BAD was not used until 2021, we identified the BAD population by referral to SeHCAT testing followed by a prescription of a bile acid sequestrant (colestyramine, colestipol or colesevelam) within 365 days. The study period was from 2003 to 2021.

Results: During the study period, a total of 5264 individuals with BAD were identified with large differences between the five regions in Denmark. The number of prescriptions of colestyramine and colesevelam, the number of SeHCAT tests, and the number of individuals diagnosed with BAD increased during the study period. The BAD population had more co-morbidities and more health care contacts as well as lower levels of education and income compared with age- and sex-matched controls from the general population.

Conclusion: Using the Danish registries, we identified a BAD population, which seems to be inferior in health care and socio-economic parameters compared with the Danish general population.

Keywords: Bile acid diarrhea; epidemiology; nationwide registries.

© 2023 Kårhus et al.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the selection process of the bile acid diarrhea (BAD) population.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) population defined as a SeHCAT test followed by a bile acid sequestrant prescription within one year after SeHCAT test (left side) and the overlap between this definition and the ICD10 code K90.8B (BAD) (right side).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Percentage of individuals with bile acid diarrhea (BAD) in each region in Denmark, as a percentage of total number of individuals living in the region during the study period 2003–2021. BAD was defined by a diagnosis of ICD10 code K90.8B or a SeHCAT test followed by a prescription of bile acid sequestrant within 365 days.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Number of unique prescriptions of colestyramine (A), colestipol (B), colesevelam (C), and SeHCAT tests (D) per year during the study period. Prescriptions are not unique per person, SeHCAT tests are unique per person and date.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Unique individual diagnoses with bile acid diarrhea (BAD) defined by a diagnosis with ICD10 code K90.8B or a SeHCAT test followed by a prescription of bile acid sequestrant within 365 days.
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