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.2020 May 21:2:e16.
doi: 10.1017/ehs.2020.11. eCollection 2020.

Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia

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Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia

Junzo Uchiyama et al. Evol Hum Sci..

Abstract

The 'Northern Eurasian Greenbelt' (NEG) is the northern forest zone stretching from the Japanese Archipelago to Northern Europe. The NEG has created highly productive biomes for humanity to exploit since the end of the Pleistocene. This research explores how the ecological conditions in northern Eurasia contributed to and affected human migrations and cultural trajectories by synthesizing the complimentary viewpoints of environmental archaeology, Geographic Information Science (GIS), genetics and linguistics. First, the environmental archaeology perspective raises the possibility that the NEG functioned as a vessel fostering people to develop diverse cultures and engage in extensive cross-cultural exchanges. Second, geographical analysis of genomic data on mitochondrial DNA using GIS reveals the high probability that population dynamics in the southeastern NEG promoted the peopling of the Americas at the end of the Pleistocene. Finally, a linguistic examination of environmental- and landscape-related vocabulary of the proto-Turkic language groups enables the outline of their original cultural landscape and natural conditions, demonstrating significant cultural spheres, i.e. from southern Siberia to eastern Inner Mongolia during Neolithization. All of these results combine to suggest that the ecological complex in the southern edge of the NEG in northeast Asia played a significant role in peopling across the continents during prehistory.

Keywords: Neolithization; Northern Eurasian Greenbelt; Turkic language family; migration; mtDNA.

© The Author(s) 2020.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

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Graphical abstract
Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The NEG and human activities from the Upper Palaeolithic to the historical periods. The potential natural vegetation of the present NEG is shown in (a), based on Binneyet al. (, fig. 2). In (b), the potential range of the NEG trees during the LGM is indicated by combining the zones of boreal deciduous, boreal/montane evergreen tree and temperate deciduous trees in fig. 5 of Allenet al. (2010). The area of the Kara–Bom industry (ca. 40,000 BP) is suggested by Orimo (, figure 6). (c) This part superimposes the NEG, the range of NEG trees in the LGM and the interpolated isochron surface fitted to a subset of radiocarbon dates from sites with early pottery which indicate that early pottery emerged first in East Asia and spread westward across Eurasia through the southern fringe of the NEG. The early pottery map is created based on Gibbs and Jordan (, figure 4). Historical transport routes (sixteenth to nineteenth centuries) shown in (d) are reconstructed based on Forsyth (, pp. 28–83), map 4 and map 5 and Katsuragawa (, pp. 68–69).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Native America mtDNA haplogroups are known to be dominated by groups A–D that are widely distributed throughout Asia. Using geographically weighted location averages to approximate each haplogroup centroid (red dots) and then buffering to form 4000 km interaction spheres (black circles), a core area (bold ellipse) that probably served as both a genetic and cultural hearth for Native Americans is identified.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
The homeland(s) and the early migrations of the Turkic peoples.
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