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.2023 Jul 24;24(1):173.
doi: 10.1186/s13059-023-03013-9.

Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE

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Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE

Ireneusz Stolarek et al. Genome Biol..

Abstract

Background: The appearance of Slavs in East-Central Europe has been the subject of an over 200-year debate driven by two conflicting hypotheses. The first assumes that Slavs came to the territory of contemporary Poland no earlier than the sixth century CE; the second postulates that they already inhabited this region in the Iron Age (IA). Testing either hypothesis is not trivial given that cremation of the dead was the prevailing custom in Central Europe from the late Bronze Age until the Middle Ages (MA).

Results: To address this problem, we determined the genetic makeup of representatives of the IA Wielbark- and MA Slav-associated cultures from the territory of present-day Poland. The study involved 474 individuals buried in 27 cemeteries. For 197 of them, genome-wide data were obtained. We found close genetic affinities between the IA Wielbark culture-associated individuals and contemporary to them and older northern European populations. Further, we observed that the IA individuals had genetic components which were indispensable to model the MA population.

Conclusions: The collected data suggest that the Wielbark culture-associated IA population was formed by immigrants from the north who entered the region of contemporary Poland most likely at the beginning of the first millennium CE and mixed with autochthons. The presented results are in line with the hypothesis that assumes the genetic continuation between IA and MA periods in East-Central Europe.

© 2023. The Author(s).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Spatiotemporal distribution of samples and their genetic affinities to present-day populations.a A map of present-day Poland showing the locations of skeletal remains sampled for this study. Colours denote the time periods of ancient individuals: red—Middle Ages (MA), blue—Iron Age (IA). Numbers inside coloured circles denote number of samples recovered from given site. Numbers in parentheses denote samples included in the analyses.b Representation of the context of the studied ancient individuals.c Ancient individuals projected onto the first two eigenvectors of a PCA based on contemporary European genetic diversity.d Ancestry proportions for ancient IA and MA individuals estimated using ADMIXTURE in unsupervised mode (K = 9)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Population structure with respect to the present-day Central and Northern European genomes.a Ancient individuals projected onto the first two eigenvectors of the PCA restricted to the present-day Northwestern and East-Central Europeans. Northern European (Norway, Sweden), North-western European (England, Scotland, Orkney, Denmark), Eastern-European (Poland, Slovakia, Czech, Belarus, Ukraine), South-West Baltic (Lithuania, Latvia), Finnish (Finland).b f4 statistics reflecting the differential affinity of ancient individuals (X) to Northwestern and East-Central European reference populations, with the Mbuti as an outgroup. Colours denote the respective time periods of the ancient individuals: red—MA, blue—IA.c Northwestern (blue) and East-Central (red) European ancestry proportions estimated for ancient individuals using ADMIXTURE in supervised mode
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Genetic differentiation with respect to uniparental lineages.a Y-hg frequencies of the ancient individuals.b mtDNA frequencies of the ancient individuals.c A phylogenetic tree of the R1a-S198 lineage according to the ISOGG database v. 14.111, showing the frequencies of the respective SNP markers. Frequencies were based on the direct genotyping of the SNP markers, and the missing SNP markers were inferred using a phylogenetic context.d The proportion of East-Central European ancestry in ancient individuals. Colours indicate the Y-chromosome haplogroup for each male
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