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Review
.2023 May 18;16(10):3817.
doi: 10.3390/ma16103817.

New Trends in Separation Techniques of Lithium Isotopes: A Review of Chemical Separation Methods

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Review

New Trends in Separation Techniques of Lithium Isotopes: A Review of Chemical Separation Methods

Silviu-Laurentiu Badea et al. Materials (Basel)..

Erratum in

Abstract

In terms of isotopic technologies, it is essential to be able to produce materials with an enriched isotopic abundance (i.e., a compound isotopic labelled with2H,13C,6Li,18O or37Cl), which is one that differs from natural abundance. The isotopic-labelled compounds can be used to study different natural processes (like compounds labelled with2H,13C, or18O), or they can be used to produce other isotopes as in the case of6Li, which can be used to produce3H, or to produce LiH that acts like a protection shield against fast neutrons. At the same time,7Li isotope can be used as a pH controller in nuclear reactors. The COLEX process, which is currently the only technology available to produce6Li at industrial scale, has environmental drawbacks due to generation of Hg waste and vapours. Therefore, there is a need for new eco-friendly technologies for separation of6Li. The separation factor of6Li/7Li with chemical extraction methods in two liquid phases using crown ethers is comparable to that of COLEX method, but has the disadvantages of low distribution coefficient of Li and the loss of crown ethers during the extraction. Electrochemical separation of lithium isotopes through the difference in migration rates between6Li and7Li is one of the green and promising alternatives for the separation of lithium isotopes, but this methodology requires complicated experimental setup and optimisation. Displacement chromatography methods like ion exchange in different experimental configurations have been also applied to enrich6Li with promising results. Besides separation methods, there is also a need for development of new analysis methods (ICP-MS, MC-ICP-MS, TIMS) for reliable determination of Li isotope ratios upon enrichment. Considering all the above-mentioned facts, this paper will try to emphasize the current trends in separation techniques of lithium isotopes by exposing all the chemical separation and spectrometric analysis methods, and highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.

Keywords: MC-ICP-MS; crown ethers; electromigration; ion exchange; lithium isotopes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of the ion–pair strategy for6Li separation using crown ethers B15C5 or B12C4 and [FeCl4]− as counter anion. Adapted from [24].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Separation of lithium isotopes with electrodialysis using an impregnated organic membrane with PP13-TFSI ionic liquid. The formula of ionic liquid was generated using InChI (Computed by InChI 1.0.6-PubChem release 7 May 2021) within the software Freeware ACD/ChemSketch 2021 2.0 version (Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Adapted from [27].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Synthesis of sulfonated pyridine-styrene-divinyl-benzene resin embedded into silica (Pyr-Styr-DVB/SiO2) for lithium isotope separation. Adapted from [38].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Synthesis route of crown ether-grafted polymer PSF-g-AB15C5 (A). Lithium isotope separation mechanism using PSF-g-AB15C5 (B). Adapted from [43].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic setup of an MC-ICP-MS with a magnetic sector analyser in Nier-Johnson geometry, used in lithium isotope analysis. Adapted from Ref. [54]. Adapted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2024 Elsevier.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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