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.2023 Aug 25:888:164196.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164196. Epub 2023 May 17.

Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene in sunscreen products marketed in the United States

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Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene in sunscreen products marketed in the United States

Vineet Kumar Pal et al. Sci Total Environ..

Abstract

Occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene in personal care products is a topic of public health concern. Sunscreen products are extensively used to protect skin and hair from UV radiation from sun light. Nevertheless, little is known about exposure doses and risks of VOCs present in sunscreens. In this study, we determined the concentrations of and exposure to three VOCs, namely benzene, toluene and styrene, in 50 sunscreen products marketed in the United States. Benzene, toluene and styrene were found in 80 %, 92 % and 58 %, respectively, of the samples analyzed at mean concentrations of 45.8 ng/g (range: 0.007-862), 89.0 ng/g (range: 0.006-470) and 161 ng/g (range: 0.006-1650), respectively. The mean dermal exposure doses (DEDs) to benzene, toluene and styrene of children/teenagers were 68.3, 133 and 441 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively, whereas those of adults were 48.7, 94.6 and 171 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively. The lifetime cancer risk from benzene concentrations present in 22 sunscreen products (44 % of the samples) for children/teenagers and 19 sunscreen products (38 %) for adults, exceeded the acceptable benchmark risk level (1.0 × 10-6). This is the first study to comprehensively assess the concentrations of and risks to benzene, toluene and styrene present in sunscreen products.

Keywords: Benzene; Cancer risk; Exposure assessment; Sunscreens; Volatile organic compounds.

Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Details of sunscreen products analyzed in this study. Samples for which information is unavailable are categorized as “Others”.
Figure 2:
Figure 2:
Heat map showing Spearman correlations between benzene, toluene and styrene concentrations measured in sunscreen products.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Concentrations of benzene, toluene and styrene measured in sunscreen products according to the type of UV filters (organic or inorganic) and Sunscreen Protection Factor (SPF). Samples for which information is unavailable are categorized as “Others”.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Frequency distribution curves for hazard quotients calculated from dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene measured in sunscreen products. HQ refers to hazard quotients for non-carcinogenic risk; CR stands for carcinogenic risk. The red line indicates the threshold value for HQ or CR.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Frequency distribution curves for hazard quotients calculated from dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene measured in sunscreen products. HQ refers to hazard quotients for non-carcinogenic risk; CR stands for carcinogenic risk. The red line indicates the threshold value for HQ or CR.
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References

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