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Review
.2023 Mar 24;13(7):1164.
doi: 10.3390/nano13071164.

Design Strategy and Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents for Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials

Affiliations
Review

Design Strategy and Application of Deep Eutectic Solvents for Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials

Nguyen Nhat Nam et al. Nanomaterials (Basel)..

Abstract

The first report of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was released in 2003 and was identified as a new member of ionic liquid (IL), involving innovative chemical and physical characteristics. Using green solvent technology concerning economical, practical, and environmental aspects, DESs open the window for sustainable development of nanomaterial fabrication. The DESs assist in different fabrication processes and design nanostructures with specific morphology and properties by tunable reaction conditions. Using DESs in synthesis reactions can reduce the required high temperature and pressure conditions for decreasing energy consumption and the risk of environmental contamination. This review paper provides the recent applications and advances in the design strategy of DESs for the green synthesis of nanomaterials. The strategy and application of DESs in wet-chemical processes, nanosize reticular material fabrication, electrodeposition/electrochemical synthesis of nanostructures, electroless deposition, DESs based nano-catalytic and nanofluidic systems are discussed and highlighted in this review.

Keywords: deep eutectic solvent; electrodeposition; green solvent; nanofluid; nanostructure fabrication.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of magnetic carbon nanotubes modified with polymeric DES (M-CNT@PDES) and its design application for extraction of bovine serum albumin (BSA). TEM images of CNT (i), M-CNT (ii), and M-CNT@PDES (iii). Reprinted with permission from ref. [194]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (b) Schematic illustration of the conjugation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) onto graphene oxide (GO) using ChCl-U and its application for lead(II) and methylene blue removal. Inset TEM image of bare GO nanosheets and DES functionalized GO nanosheets (DES@GO). Reprinted with permission from ref. [199]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier.
Figure 1
Figure 1
The applications of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for nanomaterial fabrications.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Schematic illustration of the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in fabricating organosoluble silver nanoparticles. TEM image displays the well-dispersion and high stability of as-prepared AgNPs synthesized in DES1 (choline nitrate and glycerol) after 40 days. Reprinted with permission from ref. [59]. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. (b) Design of DES as a green solvent for precipitating lignin nanoparticles with controllable size. Reprinted from ref. [72].
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) The design and application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a reaction solvent for fabricating high crystallinity COF-DES. (b) SEM image, (c) TEM image, and (d) PXRD pattern of as-prepared COF-DES. Reprinted with permission from ref. [108]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Scheme of the electrodeposition of NiNPs in ethaline. XRD pattern of synthesized Ni/PGE in DES (ethaline) and in acetate bath. The inset graph displays the XRD pattern of PGE. TEM images show the deposited NiNPs from DES. Reprinted from ref. [134]. (b) Scheme of the DES-assisted electrodeposition of nanostructure Ni films on Cu substrate. The inset images show the electrolytes and SEM of as-fabricated nano-Ni films. Reprinted with permission from ref. [136]. Copyright 2018 Elsevier.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) FE-SEM images of the as-prepared nickel nanostructures by electrodeposition process from DES (ChCl-U) on glassy carbon (above) and schematic of the formation of hydrogen bonds between hydroxides and DES components-based ChCl-U (below). Reprinted with permission from ref. [140]. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (b) AFM images of Te electrodeposits on Au-coated FTO electrode from DES of ChCl-EG at (i) 30 °C (E = −0.04 V for 1.20 s) and (ii) 80 °C (E = 0.16 V for 0.50 s); and DES of ChCl- U DES at (iii) 30 °C (E = −0.28 V for 0.80 s) and (iv) 60 °C (E = −0.22 V for 0.50 s). Histogram displays the diameter distribution of 1D Te nanostructure obtained from ChCl-EG at (v) 30 °C and (vi) 80 °C; and from ChCl-U at (vii) 30 °C and (viii) 60 °C. Reprinted with permission from ref. [141]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) TEM image (i) and size distribution histogram (ii) of Fe-Cr alloy fabricated in ChCl-EG DES. Reprinted with permission from ref. [155]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (b) Preparation of Cu-Au nanostructures by co-electrodeposition in DES. Green electrodeposition of Cu and Au high surface area on glassy carbon (GC) in DES (i); FE-SEM images of Au deposit (ii) and Cu deposit (iii); Cu-Au co-deposit in stationary conditions (iv), and stirring at 200 rpm (v). Reprinted from ref. [169].
Figure 8
Figure 8
(a) Schematic representation of the silica-filled DES-based nanofluids for energy transportation. Reprinted with permission from ref. [214]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. (b) Pretreatment procedure by using DES-based superparamagnetic nanofluid. Reprinted with permission from ref. [215]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier. (c) Scheme of utilizing of DES-based nanofluidic system and Cu nanoparticles for enhancing hydrogen sulfide removal. Reprinted with permission from ref. [216]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier. (d) Graphical illustration of the fabrication procedure of DES and design of DES-based nanofluids. Reprinted from ref. [220].
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