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Review
.2023 Jan 4:13:1048656.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048656. eCollection 2022.

Convergent evolution of the annual life history syndrome from perennial ancestors

Affiliations
Review

Convergent evolution of the annual life history syndrome from perennial ancestors

Ane C Hjertaas et al. Front Plant Sci..

Abstract

Despite most angiosperms being perennial, once-flowering annuals have evolved multiple times independently, making life history traits among the most labile trait syndromes in flowering plants. Much research has focused on discerning the adaptive forces driving the evolution of annual species, and in pinpointing traits that distinguish them from perennials. By contrast, little is known about how 'annual traits' evolve, and whether the same traits and genes have evolved in parallel to affect independent origins of the annual syndrome. Here, we review what is known about the distribution of annuals in both phylogenetic and environmental space and assess the evidence for parallel evolution of annuality through similar physiological, developmental, and/or genetic mechanisms. We then use temperate grasses as a case study for modeling the evolution of annuality and suggest future directions for understanding annual-perennial transitions in other groups of plants. Understanding how convergent life history traits evolve can help predict species responses to climate change and allows transfer of knowledge between model and agriculturally important species.

Keywords: annual; convergent evolution; evolutionary precursors; iteroparity; parallel evolution; perennial; phylogeny; semelparity.

Copyright © 2023 Hjertaas, Preston, Kainulainen, Humphreys and Fjellheim.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of annuals among angiosperm families. Families are shown in purple if at least one constituent species is annual; families consisting entirely of perennials are shown in green. Filled circles represent the proportion of the species in a family that is annual (purple) or for which life history data are missing (unknown; grey). The highest numbers of annual species are found in three, large families but the proportion of annuals in these families is not exceptional (Asteraceae, 7%; Fabaceae, 5%), although higher for Poaceae (17%). However, the highest proportions overall are found in small families comprising fewer than 10 species, including the monotypic Halophytaceae (Caryophyllales, Superasterids), Limnanthaceae (Brassicales, Rosids) and Neuradaceae (Malvales, Rosids). Tree based on Magallón et al. (2015); data based on WCSP (2018) and extended upon using the literature and consultation with experts (Supplementary material I, II). The definition of annuals used in this figure includes terrestrial, aquatic and polymorphic species plus those scored as ‘biennials’ in the literature (see Footnote 1).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Developmental and physiological processes influencing reproductive output in annual and perennial taxa. The total outcome is determined by resources available for allocation to these processes and the trade-offs between them.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Physiological differences between annual and perennial plants. Traits listed in the figure are higher/larger in the respective strategies.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Hypothetical figure suggesting common mechanisms underlying transitions between perennial and annual life histories. Evidence from at least some plant groups with mixed perennial and annual habits suggests heterochronic shifts in juvenile-adult (green ellipse) and/or vegetative-reproductive (yellow ellipse) phase transitions. Relatively later transitions in perennial plants, combined with a potentially larger root to shoot system, might allow increased shoot meristem development and/or outgrowth prior to first flowering. If phase transitions and senescence occur successively on individual branches (labeled 1-4), late-developing branches in perennials that are juvenile upon the first waves of senescence might be preserved in that state until the next growing season.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The genetic pathway of age in Brassicaceae. The antagonistic age-dependent relationship between miR156 and miR172 negatively regulates floral activators (SPLs) and floral repressors (AP2-like), respectively. A fast decline of miR156, triggered by cell division activity, inA. thaliana versusA. alpina, explains the former’s response to vernalization at a very early age and why the latter requires an extended period of growth before cold exposure.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Model for the evolution of annuality in the Pooideae subfamily of grasses. Assuming the precursor represents a common genetic basis, transition to annuality occurs through parallel evolution involving the same gene(s).
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