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Review
.2023 Feb;597(4):485-494.
doi: 10.1002/1873-3468.14579. Epub 2023 Jan 29.

The histidine brace: nature's copper alternative to haem?

Affiliations
Review

The histidine brace: nature's copper alternative to haem?

Paul H Walton et al. FEBS Lett.2023 Feb.

Abstract

The copper histidine brace is a structural unit in metalloproteins (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108, 15079). It consists of a copper ion chelated by the NH2 and π-N atom of an N-terminal histidine, and the τ-N atom of a further histidine, in an overall T-shaped coordination geometry (Nat Catal 2018, 1, 571). Like haem-containing proteins, histidine-brace-containing proteins have peroxygenase and/or oxygenase activity, where the substrates are notable for resistance to oxidation, for example, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). Moreover, the histidine brace is an invariant unit around which different protein structures exert different activities. Given the similarities in the diversity of function of proteins that contain either the copper histidine brace or haem, the question arises as to whether the functions of histidine brace-containing proteins duplicate those containing haem groups.

Keywords: LPMOs; copper; haem; histidine brace.

© 2023 The Authors. FEBS Letters published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The essential copper histidine brace unit (left), showing average metrical parameters around the Cu and their standard deviations (right). Also depicted are the best‐fit planes (α and β) of the imidazole side chains of the two histidine groups, where the average inter‐planar angle is 60(6)°.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Active site structures of known copper histidine brace active sites, showing protein class name. LPMOs are classified according to the CAZy database (G = H or OH) [19]. Note that some structures exhibit methylation of the τ‐N atom of the histidine brace. The role of this post‐translation modification is unknown, but may be related to the stability of the histidine brace towards deleterious oxidation [24, 25].
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Co‐occurrence of signal peptide removal and coordination of Cu(II). P, protein; SP, signal peptide.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Radial phylogram of AA15 genes across animalia taxa, with example organisms. Phylogram was generated with Dendroscope [38] using sequence alignments based on Uniprot sequence A0A2N8U5I8. Images are public domain (CC0) and were taken from PhyloPic (https://beta.phylopic.org/).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Histidine brace‐like active sites in CopC and PmoF1 (PDB codes:5ICU and6P16) and YcnI (PDB code 1MEK). It is presumed that the YcnI site has copper in the Cu(I) oxidation state, possibly due to photoreduction during data collection.
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References

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