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.2022 Dec 21;5(1):1394.
doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-04315-7.

Palau's warmest reefs harbor thermally tolerant corals that thrive across different habitats

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Palau's warmest reefs harbor thermally tolerant corals that thrive across different habitats

Hanny E Rivera et al. Commun Biol..

Abstract

Ocean warming is killing corals, but heat-tolerant populations exist; if protected, they could replenish affected reefs naturally or through restoration. Palau's Rock Islands experience consistently higher temperatures and extreme heatwaves, yet their diverse coral communities bleach less than those on Palau's cooler outer reefs. Here, we combined genetic analyses, bleaching histories and growth rates of Porites cf. lobata colonies to identify thermally tolerant genotypes, map their distribution, and investigate potential growth trade-offs. We identified four genetic lineages of P. cf. lobata. On Palau's outer reefs, a thermally sensitive lineage dominates. The Rock Islands harbor two lineages with enhanced thermal tolerance; one of which shows no consistent growth trade-off and also occurs on several outer reefs. This suggests that the Rock Islands provide naturally tolerant larvae to neighboring areas. Finding and protecting such sources of thermally-tolerant corals is key to reef survival under 21st century climate change.

© 2022. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Water temperatures across Palau’s reefs.
In situ logger temperatures with Rock Island sites shown in warm (red/orange) tones and outer reef sites in cool (blue/green) tones; see Fig 2 for map.a Weekly averaged time series by site.b Distributions of diurnal ranges (max-min daily temperature) across each site (temperature time series were season- and year-adjusted by band-pass filtering to remove long (>36-h) and short (<5 h) variability prior to calculating diurnal range). Vertical lines represent distribution median values.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Distribution ofPorites cf.lobata lineages across sampling sites.
Land is denoted in gray and the reef platform in light pink. Outer reef sites are denoted by blue circles, while Rock Island sites are denoted by red triangles. Donut charts show the distribution of lineages among samples from each site where coral lineages are color coded Dark Blue (DB), Light Blue (LB), Pink (PI), and Red (RD) for visualization. Charts include both RAD-seq and microsatellite data. (For samples with both types of data, RAD-seq derived lineages were used as these predominantly agreed with microsatellite results, see Methods section and Fig. S2). TotalN for each site is shown in the center of each donut chart.a Palauan mainland.b Inset showing Rock Island sites.c Palau and Helen atoll (Palau’s southernmost territory). Reef line shape files were accessed from the NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (https://maps.coastalscience.noaa.gov/biomapper/biomapper.html?id=Palau) and incorporated into landmass basemaps available in ArcMap™.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. RAD-seq based population structure ofPorites cf.lobata.
a STRUCTURE forK = 4. Rock Island sites are shown first (left of orange triangle), followed by outer reef sites (right of triangle). RI sites are dominated by light blue (LB) and red lineages (RD) while the dark blue (DB) and pink lineages (PI) are more common on the outer reefs.b Principal component analyses of RAD-seq data. Points represent individual samples and are colored by their dominant lineage (>50% assigned lineage based on STRUCTURE results).c Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) recapitulates the four lineage clusters. Points are individual samples, colored by their dominant lineage assignment. Top inset shows number of retained principal components for analysis (70) based on cross-validation optimization. Lower inset shows density across the first discriminant axis.d Pairwise Nei’sFST values between lineages. Background color intensity increases with higherFST.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Growth and thermal tolerance of corals from different lineages based on analysis of individual coral cores.
Ina–c, line segments and asterisks denote statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups based on post hoc Tukey tests. An asterisk over a single group denotes that group is significantly different from all others.a Boxplots of mean skeletal density of samples from each lineage. The Red (RD) lineage had lower skeletal density than all other lineages (ANOVA,F = 10.73, df = 3,p < 0.001).b Boxplots of mean calcification rate of samples from each lineage. RD showed lower calcification rates than the DB and LB lineages (ANOVA,F = 5.36, df = 3,p < 0.05).c Boxplots of mean extension rate of samples from each lineage. RD showed lower extension rates than the DB and LB lineages (ANOVA,F = 2.97, df = 3,p < 0.05).d Stress band prevalence by lineage in 1998. Proportion of stress differed significantly among lineages with DB lineage showing higher prevalence than all other lineages (X2 = 12.349, df = 3,p value < 0.05). Note that N values ind are lower than ina–c as not all cores extended back to 1998 (see Methods for further details).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Growth and thermal tolerance of corals from LB and DB lineages based on analysis of individual coral cores distinguished by habitat region.
Outer reef (OR) and Rock Island (RI). Ina–c, line segments denote statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups based on post hoc Tukey tests. An asterisk over a single group denotes that group is different (p < 0.05) from all others.a Boxplots of mean skeletal density of samples from each lineage and region. The DB lineage in the outer reefs shows higher density than all other groups (ANOVA,F = 9.212, df = 3,p < 0.001). DB density in RI habitats is significantly lower than in the ORs (1.05 vs. 1.298 g cm−3; Post hoc Tukeyp < 0.001). Density in LB corals does not differ among habitats. However, they are lower than the DB outer reef coral density in both habitats (p < 0.05).b Boxplots of mean calcification rate of each lineage. There are significant differences among lineages and habitats (ANOVA,F = 5.498, df = 3,p < 0.01). The DB lineage shows significantly lower calcification in the Rock Island habitats compared to the ORs (1.35 vs. 0.82 g cm−2 year−1; Post hoc Tukeyp < 0.01). DB corals in the ORs also have significantly higher calcification than LB corals in the RI (p = 0.04). LB corals in the ORs also have higher calcification than DB corals in the RI (p = 0.04).c Boxplots of mean extension rate of samples from each lineage. ANOVA showed significant differences among lineage and habitats (F = 3.229, df = 3,p = 0.03), but there were no significant pairwise differences in the post hoc test (difference between outer reef LB and Rock Island DB was marginal,p = 0.053).d Stress band prevalence by lineage in 1998. The DB lineage shows a trend toward lower stress band prevalence in the RI habitats (X2 = 0.34, df = 1,p = 0.56). The LB lineage does not show any significant difference in stress band prevalence (X2 = 0, df = 1,p = 1).
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