.2022 Sep 16;12(1):15572.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19759-4.

Short-term paleogeographic reorganizations and climate events shaped diversification of North American freshwater gastropods over deep time

Thomas A Neubauer^{1 2 3}, Mathias Harzhauser⁴, Joseph H Hartman⁵, Daniele Silvestro^{6 7 8 9}, Christopher R Scotese¹⁰, Alexander Czaja¹¹, Geerat J Vermeij¹², Thomas Wilke¹³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany. neubauer@snsb.de.
² SNSB-Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany. neubauer@snsb.de.
³ Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands. neubauer@snsb.de.
⁴ Geological-Paleontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
⁵ University of North Dakota, Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
⁶ Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
⁷ Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, 413 19, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁸ Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁹ Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
¹¹ Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Fraccionamiento Filadelfia, 35010, Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico.
¹² Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
¹³ Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.

PMID:36114216
PMCID: PMC9481594
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19759-4

Short-term paleogeographic reorganizations and climate events shaped diversification of North American freshwater gastropods over deep time

Thomas A Neubauer et al. Sci Rep.2022.

.2022 Sep 16;12(1):15572.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19759-4.

Authors

Thomas A Neubauer^{1 2 3}, Mathias Harzhauser⁴, Joseph H Hartman⁵, Daniele Silvestro^{6 7 8 9}, Christopher R Scotese¹⁰, Alexander Czaja¹¹, Geerat J Vermeij¹², Thomas Wilke¹³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany. neubauer@snsb.de.
² SNSB-Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333, Munich, Germany. neubauer@snsb.de.
³ Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands. neubauer@snsb.de.
⁴ Geological-Paleontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
⁵ University of North Dakota, Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geological Engineering, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
⁶ Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
⁷ Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, 413 19, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁸ Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁹ Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
¹¹ Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Fraccionamiento Filadelfia, 35010, Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico.
¹² Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
¹³ Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.

PMID:36114216
PMCID: PMC9481594
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19759-4

Abstract

What controls species diversity and diversification is one of the major questions in evolutionary biology and paleontology. Previous studies have addressed this issue based on various plant and animal groups, geographic regions, and time intervals. However, as most previous research focused on terrestrial or marine ecosystems, our understanding of the controls on diversification of biota (and particularly invertebrates) in freshwater environments in deep time is still limited. Here, we infer diversification rates of North American freshwater gastropods from the Late Triassic to the Pleistocene and explore potential links between shifts in speciation and extinction and major changes in paleogeography, climate, and biotic interactions. We found that variation in the speciation rate is best explained by changes in continental fragmentation, with rate shifts coinciding with major paleogeographic reorganizations in the Mesozoic, in particular the retreat of the Sundance Sea and subsequent development of the Bighorn wetland and the advance of the Western Interior Seaway. Climatic events in the Cenozoic (Middle Eocene Climate Optimum, Miocene Climate Optimum) variably coincide with shifts in speciation and extinction as well, but no significant long-term association could be detected. Similarly, no influence of diversity dependence was found across the entire time frame of ~ 214 Myr. Our results indicate that short-term climatic events and paleogeographic changes are relevant to the diversification of continental freshwater biota, while long-term trends have limited effect.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Speciation (a) and extinction (b) rates of North American freshwater gastropods from the Late Triassic to the Pleistocene (c 214.0–0.0117 Myr ago). Shown are the mean rates and the 95% highest posterior density quantifying the uncertainty in rates. Time intervals with major seas/wetlands and climatic events referred to in the text are marked by gray bars. The y-axis is cropped to focus on the shifts in diversification; see Fig. S2 for the complete version. BW, Bighorn wetlands; E/MSY, events per million species years; MECO, Middle Eocene Climate Optimum; MCO, Miocene Climate Optimum; WIS, Western Interior Seaway.

**Figure 2**
Results of the unifactorial models with speciation and extinction rates. (a) Regional temperature, continental fragmentation (using the Shoreline Development Index) and partly global temperature showed significant correlations with speciation and extinction rates (95% credible interval different from zero). (b) Bayes factors (BF) indicated that the models for SDI and regional temperature are significantly better than a constant model, but only for speciation rate. The plot is truncated at − 100 to focus on the differences in median Bayes factors; see Supplementary Table S1 for the complete data.

**Figure 3**
Abiotic factors used in this study. (a) Continental area and perimeter, (b) the resulting Shoreline Development Index (SDI), as well as (c) regional and global average temperature through geological time. Time intervals with major seas/wetlands and climatic events referred to in the text are marked by gray bars. Note that the last time bin (0–5 Myr ago) was omitted; see Methods for details. BW, Bighorn wetlands; MECO, Middle Eocene Climate Optimum; MCO, Miocene Climate Optimum; WIS, Western Interior Seaway.

**Figure 4**
Paleogeography of western North America during the Middle to Late Jurassic, featuring the transgression and retreat of the Sundance Sea and the subsequent development of the Bighorn wetlands. The graph on the lower right indicates the temporal extent of the Bighorn wetlands and the corresponding peak in the speciation rate (blue) (see also Fig. 1). Map was generated in R v. 4.1.2 (https://www.r-project.org/) based on polygons from Ref.. The extent of the Bighorn wetlands follows Ref..

**Figure 5**
Paleogeography of North America during the mid-Cretaceous to early Paleocene, showing the major developments and phases of the Western Interior Seaway and adjacent regions. The graph on the bottom right indicates the temporal extent of the Western Interior Seaway and the corresponding shifts in the speciation (blue) and extinction (red) rates (see also Fig. 1). Map was generated in R v. 4.1.2 (https://www.r-project.org/) based on polygons from Ref.. Region names follow Ref..

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Short-term paleogeographic reorganizations and climate events shaped diversification of North American freshwater gastropods over deep time

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Short-term paleogeographic reorganizations and climate events shaped diversification of North American freshwater gastropods over deep time

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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