Review
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.923945. eCollection 2022.Aerosol Transport Modeling: The Key Link Between Lung Infections of Individuals and Populations
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- PMID:35795643
- PMCID: PMC9251577
- DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.923945
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Review
Aerosol Transport Modeling: The Key Link Between Lung Infections of Individuals and Populations
Chantal Darquenne et al. Front Physiol..
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Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has propelled the field of aerosol science to the forefront, particularly the central role of virus-laden respiratory droplets and aerosols. The pandemic has also highlighted the critical need, and value for,an information bridge between epidemiological models (that inform policymakers to develop public health responses)and within-host models (that inform the public and health care providers how individuals develop respiratory infections). Here, we review existing data and models of generation of respiratory droplets and aerosols, their exhalation and inhalation, and the fate of infectious droplet transport and deposition throughout the respiratory tract. We then articulate how aerosol transport modeling can serve as a bridge between and guide calibration of within-host and epidemiological models, forming a comprehensive tool to formulate and test hypotheses about respiratory tract exposure and infection within and between individuals.
Keywords: aerosol deposition; mucociliary clearance; public health; respiratory droplets; respiratory tract infection.
Copyright © 2022 Darquenne, Borojeni, Colebank, Forest, Madas, Tawhai and Jiang.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Figures
Schematic outline of the production, transport and fate of respiratory droplets among individuals as addressed in this article.(A) Exhaled breath and aerosol dynamics (Section 2).(B) Fate of inhaled aerosols in the respiratory system (Section 3).(C) Fate of inhaled infectious aerosols deposited at the air-airway surface liquid interface (Section 4).(D) Particle distribution effect on viral binding, importance of local dose versus averages over the whole lung (Section 5).(E) Endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary circulatory interactions with SARS-CoV-2 (Section 6).(F) Linking personalized models to population models (Section 7).
Proposed mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.(A) Initial inhalation of virions is captured by mucosal liquid lining within the upper respiratory tract or early generations of the bronchial tree(B) Human respiratory activity (e.g., talking, singing, screaming, coughing). causes closing and opening of mucosal membranes, rupturing fluid droplets containing infectious virions.(C) Microaspiration of oropharyngeal fluid and/or re-inhalation of aerosolized virions deposit into lower generations of the airway tree, allowing for replication and increased virus density throughout the deep lung.
Viral particle deposition and spread of infected cells.(A) Deposition patterns of 1 µm particles inhaled at a flow rate of 0.5 L/s in a model of the human lung highlighting the heterogeneous nature of deposition patterns both in the conducting airways and in the alveolar region (not to scale),
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