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.2022 Jun 8;289(1976):20220538.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0538. Epub 2022 Jun 1.

Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment

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Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment

Jane M Edgeloe et al. Proc Biol Sci..

Abstract

Polyploidy has the potential to allow organisms to outcompete their diploid progenitor(s) and occupy new environments. Shark Bay, Western Australia, is a World Heritage Area dominated by temperate seagrass meadows including Poseidon's ribbon weed,Posidonia australis. This seagrass is at the northern extent of its natural geographic range and experiences extremes in temperature and salinity. Our genomic and cytogenetic assessments of 10 meadows identified geographically restricted, diploid clones (2n = 20) in a single location, and a single widespread, high-heterozygosity, polyploid clone (2n = 40) in all other locations. The polyploid clone spanned at least 180 km, making it the largest known example of a clone in any environment on earth. Whole-genome duplication through polyploidy, combined with clonality, may have provided the mechanism forP. australis to expand into new habitats and adapt to new environments that became increasingly stressful for its diploid progenitor(s). The new polyploid clone probably formed in shallow waters after the inundation of Shark Bay less than 8500 years ago and subsequently expanded via vegetative growth into newly submerged habitats.

Keywords: Posidonia australis; ddRAD-seq; flow cytometry; heterozygosity; karyotyping; population genomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

We declare we have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Map of Shark Bay, Gathaagudu, Western Australia. Distribution of persistent seagrass cover (dense and sparse) in 2016 (adapted from Strydomet al. [37]).Posidonia australis sampling locations for meadows in the western gulf (1, Sandy Point, Dirk Hartog Island; 2, Middle Bluff; 3, Fowlers Camp; 4, Nanga Bay; 5, White Island) and eastern gulf (6, Herald Bight; 7, Guischenault Point; 8, Monkey Mia; 9, Dubaut Point; 10, Faure Sill). (Online version in colour.)
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Synthesis of genomic diversity and structure amongPosidonia meadows. (a) Phylogram showing the relationship amongPosidonia samples, based on 18 021 SNPs. Broken line indicates the 2.8% cut-off for SNP calling error, as defined by technical replicates. Karyotypes are indicated along the branches, Guischenault Point clade (light blue closed circle) 2n = 20, all other sites are 2n = 40; clade 1 (southwest) Nanga Bay (black closed circle), White Island (brown closed circle); clade 2 (northern) Dirk Hartog Island (black closed circle), Herald Bight (purple closed circle); clade 3 (widespread) Middle Bluff (yellow closed circle), Fowlers Camp (green closed circle), Nanga Bay (black closed circle), Herald Bight (purple closed circle), Monkey Mia (grey closed circle), Dubaut Point (brown closed circle) and Faure sill (blue closed circle); clade 4 low-frequency genotype at Fowlers Camp (green closed circle). (b) Admixture results for optimalK ancestral populations, whereK = 2. Each bar corresponds to an individual, with shared colour indicating genetic homogeneity. See table 1 for abbreviations.
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