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.2022 Apr 27;289(1973):20212764.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2764. Epub 2022 Apr 27.

Photoperiod controls wing polyphenism in a water strider independently of insulin receptor signalling

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Photoperiod controls wing polyphenism in a water strider independently of insulin receptor signalling

Erik Gudmunds et al. Proc Biol Sci..

Abstract

Insect wing polyphenism has evolved as an adaptation to changing environments and a growing body of research suggests that the nutrient-sensing insulin receptor signalling pathway is a hot spot for the evolution of polyphenisms, as it provides a direct link between growth and available nutrients in the environment. However, little is known about the potential role of insulin receptor signalling in polyphenisms which are controlled by seasonal variation in photoperiod. Here, we demonstrate that wing length polyphenism in the water striderGerris buenoi is determined by photoperiod and nymphal density, but is not directly affected by nutrient availability. Exposure to a long-day photoperiod is highly inducive of the short-winged morph whereas high nymphal densities moderately promote the development of long wings. Using RNA interference we demonstrate that, unlike in several other species where wing polyphenism is controlled by nutrition, there is no detectable role of insulin receptor signalling in wing morph induction. Our results indicate that the multitude of possible cues that trigger wing polyphenism can be mediated through different genetic pathways and that there are multiple genetic origins to wing polyphenism in insects.

Keywords: FOXO; RNA interference; developmental plasticity; insulin receptor; polyphenism; water strider.

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Conflict of interest statement

We declare we have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
(a)G. buenoi long-winged (macropterous), intermediate-winged (mesopterous) and short-winged (micropterous) males, from left to right. (b) Progression of development of wing progenitor tissue (wing buds) in instar 3, 4 and 5 in 12 L : 12 D and 18 L : 6 D. Left individuals are from 12 L : 12 D and right from 18 L : 6 D. (c) Wing morph percentages of individuals raised in the indicated constant photoperiods. Sample sizes are indicated above each bar. (d,e) Wing morph percentages among individuals which experienced an 18 L : 6 D to 12 L : 12 D (d) or 12 L : 12 D to 18 L : 6 D shift (e) in photoperiod at the indicated developmental stages. Sample sizes are indicated above each bar. Abbreviations are I3 (instar 3), I4E (instar 4 early), I4L (instar 4 late), I5E (instar 5 early), I5M (instar 5 mid) and I5L (instar 5 late). See Materials and methods for specific definitions of these stages.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
(a) The effect of nymphal rearing density on wing morph induction. Nymphs were reared in a range of densities (low, medium, high and extreme, 2.1, 4.8, 8.3 and 16.2 individuals per 100 cm2, respectively) from instar 2 until adulthood. (b) Wing morph percentages of individuals raised from day 1 of instar 1 in either 12 L : 12 D or 18 L : 6 D constant photoperiods under different diet regimes. The regimes were low, medium and high, corresponding to 3, 5 or 7 crickets per week (one per day). (c) Wing morph percentages of individuals raised from day 1 of instar 4 in either 12 L : 12 D or 18 L : 6 D constant photoperiods under different diet regimes. The regimes were low and high, corresponding to 3 and 7 crickets per week, respectively (one per day). The results from the starvation regime (see Material and methods) are not shown as very few individuals survived until adulthood.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
RNAi against IIS components does not alter wing morph. Individuals were injected in instar 3 (a), 4 (b), or 5 (c) with dsRNAs targeting either INR1, INR2, INR1-like, FOXO or all INRs (cocktail) mRNAs. GFP dsRNA was used as a negative control. Knockdown validation was performed with RT-qPCR for each gene as indicated in (d–h); (h) shows knockdown levels of FOXO mRNA in wing buds at early instar 5. Asterisks indicate a significant (p < 0.05, ANOVA with Tukeys post hoc) reduction in expression compared to the dsGFP control. For (h) a one-sidedt-test was performed with alternative hypothesis that FOXO expression is lower in dsFOXO compared to dsGFP treatment.
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References

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