.2022 Mar 18;375(6586):1275-1281.

doi: 10.1126/science.abk0989. Epub 2022 Mar 17.

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

James S Santangelo^{1 2}, Rob W Ness^{1 2}, Beata Cohan¹, Connor R Fitzpatrick³, Simon G Innes^{1 4}, Sophie Koch¹, Lindsay S Miles^{1 2}, Samreen Munim^{1 5}, Pedro R Peres-Neto⁶, Cindy Prashad¹, Alex T Tong¹, Windsor E Aguirre⁷, Philips O Akinwole⁸, Marina Alberti⁹, Jackie Álvarez¹⁰, Jill T Anderson¹¹, Joseph J Anderson¹², Yoshino Ando¹³, Nigel R Andrew¹⁴, Fabio Angeoletto¹⁵, Daniel N Anstett¹⁶, Julia Anstett^{17 18}, Felipe Aoki-Gonçalves¹⁹, A Z Andis Arietta²⁰, Mary T K Arroyo^{21 22}, Emily J Austen²³, Fernanda Baena-Díaz²⁴, Cory A Barker²⁵, Howard A Baylis²⁶, Julia M Beliz^{27 28}, Alfonso Benitez-Mora²⁹, David Bickford³⁰, Gabriela Biedebach³⁰, Gwylim S Blackburn³¹, Mannfred M A Boehm¹⁶, Stephen P Bonser³², Dries Bonte³³, Jesse R Bragger³⁴, Cristina Branquinho³⁵, Kristien I Brans³⁶, Jorge C Bresciano³⁷, Peta D Brom³⁸, Anna Bucharova³⁹, Briana Burt⁴⁰, James F Cahill⁴¹, Katelyn D Campbell²⁵, Elizabeth J Carlen⁴², Diego Carmona⁴³, Maria Clara Castellanos⁴⁴, Giada Centenaro⁴⁵, Izan Chalen^{10 46}, Jaime A Chaves^{10 47}, Mariana Chávez-Pesqueira⁴⁸, Xiao-Yong Chen^{49 50}, Angela M Chilton⁵¹, Kristina M Chomiak⁴⁰, Diego F Cisneros-Heredia^{10 46}, Ibrahim K Cisse⁴⁰, Aimée T Classen⁵², Mattheau S Comerford⁵³, Camila Cordoba Fradinger⁵⁴, Hannah Corney⁵⁵, Andrew J Crawford⁵⁶, Kerri M Crawford⁵⁷, Maxime Dahirel⁵⁸, Santiago David⁵⁹, Robert De Haan⁶⁰, Nicholas J Deacon⁶¹, Clare Dean⁶², Ek Del-Val⁶³, Eleftherios K Deligiannis⁶⁴, Derek Denney¹¹, Margarete A Dettlaff⁴¹, Michelle F DiLeo⁶⁵, Yuan-Yuan Ding⁴⁹, Moisés E Domínguez-López^{66 67}, Davide M Dominoni⁶⁸, Savannah L Draud⁶⁹, Karen Dyson⁹, Jacintha Ellers⁷⁰, Carlos I Espinosa⁷¹, Liliana Essi⁷², Mohsen Falahati-Anbaran^{73 74}, Jéssica C F Falcão⁷⁵, Hayden T Fargo¹, Mark D E Fellowes⁷⁶, Raina M Fitzpatrick⁷⁷, Leah E Flaherty⁷⁸, Pádraic J Flood⁷⁹, María F Flores²², Juan Fornoni⁸⁰, Amy G Foster⁸¹, Christopher J Frost⁸², Tracy L Fuentes⁹, Justin R Fulkerson⁸³, Edeline Gagnon^{84 85}, Frauke Garbsch⁸¹, Colin J Garroway⁸⁶, Aleeza C Gerstein⁸⁷, Mischa M Giasson⁸⁸, E Binney Girdler⁸⁹, Spyros Gkelis⁶⁴, William Godsoe⁹⁰, Anneke M Golemiec⁵, Mireille Golemiec¹, César González-Lagos^{29 91}, Amanda J Gorton⁹², Kiyoko M Gotanda^{26 93}, Gustaf Granath¹², Stephan Greiner⁸¹, Joanna S Griffiths⁹⁴, Filipa Grilo³⁵, Pedro E Gundel^{54 95}, Benjamin Hamilton⁴⁰, Joyce M Hardin⁶⁹, Tianhua He^{96 97}, Stephen B Heard⁸⁸, André F Henriques³⁵, Melissa Hernández-Poveda⁵⁶, Molly C Hetherington-Rauth¹, Sarah J Hill¹⁴, Dieter F Hochuli⁹⁸, Kathryn A Hodgins⁹⁹, Glen R Hood¹⁰⁰, Gareth R Hopkins¹⁰¹, Katherine A Hovanes¹⁰², Ava R Howard¹⁰¹, Sierra C Hubbard⁶⁹, Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña¹⁰³, Carlos Iñiguez-Armijos⁷¹, Paola Jara-Arancio^{104 105}, Benjamin J M Jarrett^{26 106}, Manon Jeannot¹⁰⁷, Vania Jiménez-Lobato¹⁰⁸, Mae Johnson¹⁰⁹, Oscar Johnson¹¹⁰, Philip P Johnson¹¹¹, Reagan Johnson¹¹², Matthew P Josephson¹¹³, Meen Chel Jung⁹, Michael G Just¹¹⁴, Aapo Kahilainen⁶⁵, Otto S Kailing¹¹⁵, Eunice Kariñho-Betancourt¹¹⁶, Regina Karousou⁶⁴, Lauren A Kirn⁹⁹, Anna Kirschbaum¹¹⁷, Anna-Liisa Laine^{65 118}, Jalene M LaMontagne^{7 119}, Christian Lampei³⁹, Carlos Lara¹²⁰, Erica L Larson¹²¹, Adrián Lázaro-Lobo¹²², Jennifer H Le¹²³, Deleon S Leandro¹²⁴, Christopher Lee⁹⁹, Yunting Lei¹²⁵, Carolina A León²⁹, Manuel E Lequerica Tamara⁹⁸, Danica C Levesque¹²⁶, Wan-Jin Liao¹²⁷, Megan Ljubotina⁴¹, Hannah Locke⁵⁷, Martin T Lockett¹²⁸, Tiffany C Longo³⁴, Jeremy T Lundholm⁵⁵, Thomas MacGillavry⁶⁸, Christopher R Mackin⁴⁴, Alex R Mahmoud²⁷, Isaac A Manju¹⁰¹, Janine Mariën⁷⁰, D Nayeli Martínez^{63 129}, Marina Martínez-Bartolomé^{122 130}, Emily K Meineke¹³¹, Wendy Mendoza-Arroyo¹¹⁶, Thomas J S Merritt¹²⁶, Lila Elizabeth L Merritt¹²⁶, Giuditta Migiani⁶⁸, Emily S Minor¹¹¹, Nora Mitchell^{132 133}, Mitra Mohammadi Bazargani¹³⁴, Angela T Moles³², Julia D Monk²⁰, Christopher M Moore¹³⁵, Paula A Morales-Morales¹³⁶, Brook T Moyers^{137 138}, Miriam Muñoz-Rojas^{51 139}, Jason Munshi-South⁴², Shannon M Murphy¹²¹, Maureen M Murúa¹⁴⁰, Melisa Neila²⁹, Ourania Nikolaidis¹²³, Iva Njunjić¹⁴¹, Peter Nosko¹⁴², Juan Núñez-Farfán⁸⁰, Takayuki Ohgushi¹⁴³, Kenneth M Olsen²⁷, Øystein H Opedal¹⁰⁶, Cristina Ornelas¹⁴⁴, Amy L Parachnowitsch^{12 88}, Aaron S Paratore⁴⁰, Angela M Parody-Merino³⁷, Juraj Paule¹⁴⁵, Octávio S Paulo³⁵, João Carlos Pena¹⁴⁶, Vera W Pfeiffer¹⁴⁷, Pedro Pinho³⁵, Anthony Piot³¹, Ilga M Porth³¹, Nicholas Poulos¹⁴⁸, Adriana Puentes¹⁴⁹, Jiao Qu³³, Estela Quintero-Vallejo¹⁵⁰, Steve M Raciti¹⁵¹, Joost A M Raeymaekers¹⁵², Krista M Raveala⁶⁵, Diana J Rennison¹⁵³, Milton C Ribeiro¹⁴⁶, Jonathan L Richardson¹⁵⁴, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres^{10 155}, Benjamin J Rivera⁸⁹, Adam B Roddy¹⁵⁶, Erika Rodriguez-Muñoz⁵⁶, José Raúl Román¹⁵⁷, Laura S Rossi¹⁴², Jennifer K Rowntree⁶², Travis J Ryan¹⁵⁸, Santiago Salinas⁸⁹, Nathan J Sanders⁵², Luis Y Santiago-Rosario¹⁵⁹, Amy M Savage¹²³, J F Scheepens^{117 160}, Menno Schilthuizen¹⁶¹, Adam C Schneider^{1 69}, Tiffany Scholier^{149 162}, Jared L Scott¹⁶³, Summer A Shaheed³⁴, Richard P Shefferson¹⁶⁴, Caralee A Shepard⁶⁹, Jacqui A Shykoff¹⁶⁵, Georgianna Silveira¹⁶⁶, Alexis D Smith¹¹¹, Lizet Solis-Gabriel⁶³, Antonella Soro¹⁶⁷, Katie V Spellman^{144 168}, Kaitlin Stack Whitney¹⁶⁹, Indra Starke-Ottich¹⁴⁵, Jörg G Stephan^{149 170}, Jessica D Stephens¹⁷¹, Justyna Szulc¹⁷², Marta Szulkin¹⁷², Ayco J M Tack⁴⁵, Ítalo Tamburrino²², Tayler D Tate¹⁰¹, Emmanuel Tergemina⁷⁹, Panagiotis Theodorou¹⁶⁷, Ken A Thompson^{59 173}, Caragh G Threlfall⁹⁸, Robin M Tinghitella¹²¹, Lilibeth Toledo-Chelala⁶³, Xin Tong⁴⁹, Léa Uroy^{58 174}, Shunsuke Utsumi¹³, Martijn L Vandegehuchte^{33 107}, Acer VanWallendael¹⁷⁵, Paula M Vidal²², Susana M Wadgymar¹⁷⁶, Ai-Ying Wang¹²⁷, Nian Wang¹⁷⁷, Montana L Warbrick¹⁴², Kenneth D Whitney¹³², Miriam Wiesmeier¹⁷⁸, J Tristian Wiles⁶⁹, Jianqiang Wu¹²⁵, Zoe A Xirocostas³², Zhaogui Yan¹⁷⁷, Jiahe Yao¹⁷⁹, Jeremy B Yoder¹⁴⁸, Owen Yoshida⁵⁵, Jingxiong Zhang¹²⁵, Zhigang Zhao¹⁷⁹, Carly D Ziter⁶, Matthew P Zuellig¹⁸⁰, Rebecca A Zufall⁵⁷, Juan E Zurita¹⁰, Sharon E Zytynska^{178 181}, Marc T J Johnson^{1 2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
² Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
³ Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁴ Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, USA.
⁵ Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
⁶ Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁷ Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁸ Department of Biology, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN, USA.
⁹ Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁰ Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.
¹¹ Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹² Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹³ Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
¹⁴ Natural History Museum, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
¹⁵ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da UFMT, campus de Rondonópolis, Cuiabá, Brazil.
¹⁶ Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹⁷ Graduate Program in Genome Sciences and Technology, Genome Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
¹⁸ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
¹⁹ Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.
²⁰ School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
²¹ Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²² Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²³ Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada.
²⁴ Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.
²⁵ Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
²⁶ Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²⁷ Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
²⁸ Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
²⁹ Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
³⁰ Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, USA.
³¹ Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
³² Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³³ Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
³⁴ Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, USA.
³⁵ Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.
³⁶ Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
³⁷ School of Agriculture and Environment, Wildlife and Ecology group, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand.
³⁸ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
³⁹ Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁴⁰ Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
⁴² Louis Calder Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Armonk, NY, USA.
⁴³ Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
⁴⁴ School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴⁶ iBIOTROP Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
⁴⁷ Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁴⁸ Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán AC, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
⁴⁹ School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
⁵⁰ Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai 200231, China.
⁵¹ Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁵² Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁵³ Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
⁵⁴ IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁵⁵ Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
⁵⁶ Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁵⁷ Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁵⁸ ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution), Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.
⁵⁹ Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁶⁰ Department of Environmental Studies, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Biology, Minneapolis Community and Technical College, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
⁶² Department of Natural Sciences, Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
⁶³ Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Morelia, Mexico.
⁶⁴ Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁶⁵ Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶⁶ Corporación Científica Ingeobosque, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
⁶⁷ GTA Colombia S.A.S. Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia.
⁶⁸ Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Biology, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁷¹ Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador.
⁷² Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
⁷³ Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁴ NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
⁷⁵ Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.
⁷⁶ School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Park, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
⁷⁷ Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
⁷⁸ Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
⁷⁹ Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
⁸⁰ Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
⁸¹ Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
⁸² BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
⁸³ Alaska Center for Conservation Science, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA.
⁸⁴ Tropical Diversity, Royal Botanical Garden of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁸⁵ Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
⁸⁶ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
⁸⁷ Departments of Microbiology & Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
⁸⁸ Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
⁸⁹ Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
⁹⁰ BioProtection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand.
⁹¹ Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
⁹² Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
⁹³ Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
⁹⁴ Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
⁹⁵ ICB - University of Talca, Chile.
⁹⁶ School of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
⁹⁷ College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁹⁸ School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁹⁹ School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
¹⁰¹ Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR, USA.
¹⁰² School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
¹⁰³ Departamento de Ecología Humana, Cinvestav Mérida, Yucatan, México.
¹⁰⁴ Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁰⁵ Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁰⁸ Escuela Superiro de Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero -CONACYT, Las Tunas, Mexico.
¹⁰⁹ Clarkson Secondary School, Peel District School Board, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
¹¹⁰ Homelands Sr. Public School, Peel District School Board, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
¹¹¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
¹¹² St. James Catholic Global Learning Centre, Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board, Mississauga ON, Canada.
¹¹³ Department of Biosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
¹¹⁴ Ecological Processes Branch, U.S. Army ERDC-CERL, Champaign, IL, USA.
¹¹⁵ Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA.
¹¹⁶ Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, UNAM, Morelia, Mexico.
¹¹⁷ Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹¹⁸ Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹¹⁹ Urban Wildlife Institute, Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA.
¹²⁰ Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
¹²¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
¹²² Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
¹²³ Department of Biology, Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, USA.
¹²⁴ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da UFMT, campus de Rondonópolis, Brasil.
¹²⁵ Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
¹²⁶ Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
¹²⁷ Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
¹²⁸ School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹²⁹ Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
¹³⁰ Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
¹³² Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
¹³³ Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701.
¹³⁴ Agriculture Institute, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁵ Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA.
¹³⁶ Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
¹³⁷ Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³⁸ Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
¹³⁹ Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
¹⁴⁰ Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Centro GEMA- Genómica, Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁴¹ Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁴² Department of Biology and Chemistry, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada.
¹⁴³ Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
¹⁴⁴ Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁴⁶ Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁴⁷ Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁵⁰ Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnologia, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia.
¹⁵¹ Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Long Island, NY, USA.
¹⁵² Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
¹⁵³ Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.
¹⁵⁵ Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.
¹⁵⁶ Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
¹⁵⁷ Agronomy Department, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.
¹⁵⁸ Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
¹⁶⁰ Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁶¹ Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁶² Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
¹⁶³ Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
¹⁶⁴ Organization for Programs on Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁶⁵ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA.
¹⁶⁷ General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
¹⁶⁸ International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
¹⁶⁹ Science, Technology and Society Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
¹⁷⁰ SLU Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁷¹ Department of Biology, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA, USA.
¹⁷² Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁷³ Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁷⁴ UMR 0980 BAGAP, Agrocampus Ouest-ESA-INRA, Rennes, France.
¹⁷⁵ Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
¹⁷⁶ Biology Department, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA.
¹⁷⁷ College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, Hubei, China.
¹⁷⁸ School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹⁷⁹ School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
¹⁸⁰ Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹⁸¹ Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

PMID:35298255
DOI: 10.1126/science.abk0989

Free article

Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

James S Santangelo et al. Science.2022.

Free article

.2022 Mar 18;375(6586):1275-1281.

doi: 10.1126/science.abk0989. Epub 2022 Mar 17.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
² Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
³ Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
⁴ Department of Biology, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, USA.
⁵ Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
⁶ Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁷ Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA.
⁸ Department of Biology, DePauw University, Greencastle, IN, USA.
⁹ Department of Urban Design and Planning, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
¹⁰ Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.
¹¹ Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹² Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹³ Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
¹⁴ Natural History Museum, Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
¹⁵ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da UFMT, campus de Rondonópolis, Cuiabá, Brazil.
¹⁶ Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹⁷ Graduate Program in Genome Sciences and Technology, Genome Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
¹⁸ Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
¹⁹ Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.
²⁰ School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
²¹ Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²² Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
²³ Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada.
²⁴ Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.
²⁵ Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
²⁶ Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²⁷ Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
²⁸ Department of Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
²⁹ Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
³⁰ Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, USA.
³¹ Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
³² Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
³³ Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
³⁴ Department of Biology, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ, USA.
³⁵ Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal.
³⁶ Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
³⁷ School of Agriculture and Environment, Wildlife and Ecology group, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand.
³⁸ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
³⁹ Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
⁴⁰ Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
⁴² Louis Calder Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Armonk, NY, USA.
⁴³ Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
⁴⁴ School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
⁴⁵ Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁴⁶ iBIOTROP Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
⁴⁷ Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
⁴⁸ Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán AC, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
⁴⁹ School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
⁵⁰ Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Plant Innovation, Shanghai 200231, China.
⁵¹ Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁵² Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁵³ Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
⁵⁴ IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁵⁵ Biology Department, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
⁵⁶ Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁵⁷ Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
⁵⁸ ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution), Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.
⁵⁹ Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁶⁰ Department of Environmental Studies, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Biology, Minneapolis Community and Technical College, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
⁶² Department of Natural Sciences, Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
⁶³ Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, UNAM, Morelia, Mexico.
⁶⁴ Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁶⁵ Faculty of Biological and Environmental Science, Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶⁶ Corporación Científica Ingeobosque, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
⁶⁷ GTA Colombia S.A.S. Envigado, Antioquia, Colombia.
⁶⁸ Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
⁶⁹ Department of Biology, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
⁷¹ Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador.
⁷² Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
⁷³ Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
⁷⁴ NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
⁷⁵ Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, Mexico.
⁷⁶ School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Park, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
⁷⁷ Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
⁷⁸ Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
⁷⁹ Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany.
⁸⁰ Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
⁸¹ Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
⁸² BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
⁸³ Alaska Center for Conservation Science, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA.
⁸⁴ Tropical Diversity, Royal Botanical Garden of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
⁸⁵ Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
⁸⁶ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
⁸⁷ Departments of Microbiology & Statistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
⁸⁸ Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
⁸⁹ Department of Biology, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
⁹⁰ BioProtection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand.
⁹¹ Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.
⁹² Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
⁹³ Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
⁹⁴ Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
⁹⁵ ICB - University of Talca, Chile.
⁹⁶ School of Molecular and Life Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
⁹⁷ College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁹⁸ School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁹⁹ School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
¹⁰¹ Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR, USA.
¹⁰² School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
¹⁰³ Departamento de Ecología Humana, Cinvestav Mérida, Yucatan, México.
¹⁰⁴ Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁰⁵ Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Chile.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
¹⁰⁸ Escuela Superiro de Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero -CONACYT, Las Tunas, Mexico.
¹⁰⁹ Clarkson Secondary School, Peel District School Board, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
¹¹⁰ Homelands Sr. Public School, Peel District School Board, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
¹¹¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
¹¹² St. James Catholic Global Learning Centre, Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board, Mississauga ON, Canada.
¹¹³ Department of Biosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
¹¹⁴ Ecological Processes Branch, U.S. Army ERDC-CERL, Champaign, IL, USA.
¹¹⁵ Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, USA.
¹¹⁶ Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, UNAM, Morelia, Mexico.
¹¹⁷ Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
¹¹⁸ Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹¹⁹ Urban Wildlife Institute, Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA.
¹²⁰ Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
¹²¹ Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
¹²² Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
¹²³ Department of Biology, Center for Computational & Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, USA.
¹²⁴ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da UFMT, campus de Rondonópolis, Brasil.
¹²⁵ Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
¹²⁶ Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
¹²⁷ Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
¹²⁸ School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
¹²⁹ Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
¹³⁰ Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
¹³¹ Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
¹³² Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
¹³³ Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, Eau Claire, WI 54701.
¹³⁴ Agriculture Institute, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran.
¹³⁵ Department of Biology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA.
¹³⁶ Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
¹³⁷ Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³⁸ Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
¹³⁹ Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
¹⁴⁰ Facultad de Estudios Interdisciplinarios, Centro GEMA- Genómica, Ecología y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁴¹ Evolutionary Ecology Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁴² Department of Biology and Chemistry, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada.
¹⁴³ Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
¹⁴⁴ Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁴⁶ Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
¹⁴⁷ Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
¹⁴⁸ Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
¹⁴⁹ Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁵⁰ Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnologia, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia.
¹⁵¹ Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Long Island, NY, USA.
¹⁵² Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
¹⁵³ Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA.
¹⁵⁵ Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.
¹⁵⁶ Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
¹⁵⁷ Agronomy Department, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.
¹⁵⁸ Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
¹⁶⁰ Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁶¹ Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁶² Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
¹⁶³ Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
¹⁶⁴ Organization for Programs on Environmental Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
¹⁶⁵ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, 91405, Orsay, France.
¹⁶⁶ Department of Biology, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA.
¹⁶⁷ General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
¹⁶⁸ International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
¹⁶⁹ Science, Technology and Society Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
¹⁷⁰ SLU Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁷¹ Department of Biology, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA, USA.
¹⁷² Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁷³ Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
¹⁷⁴ UMR 0980 BAGAP, Agrocampus Ouest-ESA-INRA, Rennes, France.
¹⁷⁵ Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
¹⁷⁶ Biology Department, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA.
¹⁷⁷ College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences/ Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China, Hubei, China.
¹⁷⁸ School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹⁷⁹ School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
¹⁸⁰ Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹⁸¹ Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

PMID:35298255
DOI: 10.1126/science.abk0989

Abstract

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors. Urban-rural gradients were associated with the evolution of clines in defense in 47% of cities throughout the world. Variation in the strength of clines was explained by environmental changes in drought stress and vegetation cover that varied among cities. Sequencing 2074 genomes from 26 cities revealed that the evolution of urban-rural clines was best explained by adaptive evolution, but the degree of parallel adaptation varied among cities. Our results demonstrate that urbanization leads to adaptation at a global scale.

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Adapting to city life.
McKay A.McKay A.Nat Ecol Evol. 2022 Jun;6(6):665. doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01760-9.Nat Ecol Evol. 2022.PMID:35411092No abstract available.

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Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover

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