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.2022 Mar 22;119(12):e2116884119.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2116884119. Epub 2022 Mar 14.

Minority salience and the overestimation of individuals from minority groups in perception and memory

Affiliations

Minority salience and the overestimation of individuals from minority groups in perception and memory

Rasha Kardosh et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A..

Abstract

Our cognitive system is tuned toward spotting the uncommon and unexpected. We propose that individuals coming from minority groups are, by definition, just that—uncommon and often unexpected. Consequently, they are psychologically salient in perception, memory, and visual awareness. This minority salience creates a tendency to overestimate the prevalence of minorities, leading to an erroneous picture of our social environments—an illusion of diversity. In 12 experiments with 942 participants, we found evidence that the presence of minority group members is indeed overestimated in memory and perception and that masked images of minority group members are prioritized for visual awareness. These findings were consistent when participants were members of both the majority group and the minority group. Moreover, this overestimated prevalence of minorities led to decreased support for diversity-promoting policies. We discuss the theoretical implications of the illusion of diversity and how it may inform more equitable and inclusive decision-making.

Keywords: crowd perception; diversity; minority salience; overestimation of minorities; social perception.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
An example of a matrix used in Experiments 2, 3, and 5. Each matrix was displayed for 2 s. The percentages of Black American faces in each matrix were manipulated according to the experiment and condition. The locations of the faces were randomly distributed.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
The results of Experiments 1A to 3B. Zero denotes accurate estimates, positive values denote overestimation, and negative values underestimation. In Experiments 1A and 1B, the participants estimated the percentage of Arab students at the Hebrew University. In Experiment 2, the participants estimated the percentage of Black American faces (red) and White American faces (yellow) from memory in two conditions; overall prevalence is 25 or 45%. In Experiment 3, the participants estimated the percentage of Black American faces and White American faces in perception and memory. The participants in Experiments 1A, 2A, and 3A belong to the majority group (Jewish Israelis or White Americans). The participants in Experiments 1B, 2B, and 3B belong to the minority groups (Palestinian Israelis or Black Americans). Overall, 82.1% of participants overestimated the percentage of the minority group.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.
The results of Experiment 5. Zero denotes accurate estimates, positive values denote overestimation, and negative values underestimation. In the Black American minority condition, the overall percentage of Black American faces was 25%. In the White American minority condition, the overall percentage of Black American faces was 75%. In both conditions, the participants were asked to estimate the prevalence of Black American faces (red) and White American faces (yellow). In both conditions, the participants overestimated the minority group and underestimated the majority group. However, the magnitude of the effects in the White American minority condition was significantly smaller, denoting the role of prior social knowledge.
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References

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