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Review
.2022 Mar 11;3(3):CD013356.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013356.pub2.

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema

Affiliations
Review

Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema

Stephanie J Lax et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev..

Abstract

Background: Eczema is a common skin condition. Although topical corticosteroids have been a first-line treatment for eczema for decades, there are uncertainties over their optimal use.

Objectives: To establish the effectiveness and safety of different ways of using topical corticosteroids for treating eczema.

Search methods: We searched databases to January 2021 (Cochrane Skin Specialised Register; CENTRAL; MEDLINE; Embase; GREAT) and five clinical trials registers. We checked bibliographies from included trials to identify further trials.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials in adults and children with eczema that compared at least two strategies of topical corticosteroid use. We excluded placebo comparisons, other than for trials that evaluated proactive versus reactive treatment.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods, with GRADE certainty of evidence for key findings. Primary outcomes were changes in clinician-reported signs and relevant local adverse events. Secondary outcomes were patient-reported symptoms and relevant systemic adverse events. For local adverse events, we prioritised abnormal skin thinning as a key area of concern for healthcare professionals and patients.

Main results: We included 104 trials (8443 participants). Most trials were conducted in high-income countries (81/104), most likely in outpatient or other hospital settings. We judged only one trial to be low risk of bias across all domains. Fifty-five trials had high risk of bias in at least one domain, mostly due to lack of blinding or missing outcome data. Stronger-potency versus weaker-potency topical corticosteroids Sixty-three trials compared different potencies of topical corticosteroids: 12 moderate versus mild, 22 potent versus mild, 25 potent versus moderate, and 6 very potent versus potent. Trials were usually in children with moderate or severe eczema, where specified, lasting one to five weeks. The most reported outcome was Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) of clinician-reported signs of eczema. We pooled four trials that compared moderate- versus mild-potency topical corticosteroids (420 participants). Moderate-potency topical corticosteroids probably result in more participants achieving treatment success, defined as cleared or marked improvement on IGA (52% versus 34%; odds ratio (OR) 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41 to 3.04; moderate-certainty evidence). We pooled nine trials that compared potent versus mild-potency topical corticosteroids (392 participants). Potent topical corticosteroids probably result in a large increase in number achieving treatment success (70% versus 39%; OR 3.71, 95% CI 2.04 to 6.72; moderate-certainty evidence). We pooled 15 trials that compared potent versus moderate-potency topical corticosteroids (1053 participants). There was insufficient evidence of a benefit of potent topical corticosteroids compared to moderate topical corticosteroids (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.89; moderate-certainty evidence). We pooled three trials that compared very potent versus potent topical corticosteroids (216 participants). The evidence is uncertain with a wide confidence interval (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.13 to 2.09; low-certainty evidence). Twice daily or more versus once daily application We pooled 15 of 25 trials in this comparison (1821 participants, all reported IGA). The trials usually assessed adults and children with moderate or severe eczema, where specified, using potent topical corticosteroids, lasting two to six weeks. Applying potent topical corticosteroids only once a day probably does not decrease the number achieving treatment success compared to twice daily application (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.38; 15 trials, 1821 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Local adverse events Within the trials that tested 'treating eczema flare-up' strategies, we identified only 26 cases of abnormal skin thinning from 2266 participants (1% across 22 trials). Most cases were from the use of higher-potency topical corticosteroids (16 with very potent, 6 with potent, 2 with moderate and 2 with mild). We assessed this evidence as low certainty, except for very potent versus potent topical corticosteroids, which was very low-certainty evidence. Longer versus shorter-term duration of application for induction of remission No trials were identified. Twice weekly application (weekend, or 'proactive therapy') to prevent relapse (flare-ups) versus no topical corticosteroids/reactive application Nine trials assessed this comparison, generally lasting 16 to 20 weeks. We pooled seven trials that compared weekend (proactive) topical corticosteroids therapy versus no topical corticosteroids (1179 participants, children and adults with a range of eczema severities, though mainly moderate or severe). Weekend (proactive) therapy probably results in a large decrease in likelihood of a relapse from 58% to 25% (risk ratio (RR) 0.43, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.57; 7 trials, 1149 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Local adverse events We did not identify any cases of abnormal skin thinning in seven trials that assessed skin thinning (1050 participants) at the end of treatment. We assessed this evidence as low certainty. Other comparisons Other comparisons included newer versus older preparations of topical corticosteroids (15 trials), cream versus ointment (7 trials), topical corticosteroids with wet wrap versus no wet wrap (6 trials), number of days per week applied (4 trials), different concentrations of the same topical corticosteroids (2 trials), time of day applied (2 trials), topical corticosteroids alternating with topical calcineurin inhibitors versus topical corticosteroids alone (1 trial), application to wet versus dry skin (1 trial) and application before versus after emollient (1 trial). No trials compared branded versus generic topical corticosteroids and time between application of emollient and topical corticosteroids.

Authors' conclusions: Potent and moderate topical corticosteroids are probably more effective than mild topical corticosteroids, primarily in moderate or severe eczema; however, there is uncertain evidence to support any advantage of very potent over potent topical corticosteroids. Effectiveness is similar between once daily and twice daily (or more) frequent use of potent topical corticosteroids to treat eczema flare-ups, and topical corticosteroids weekend (proactive) therapy is probably better than no topical corticosteroids/reactive use to prevent eczema relapse (flare-ups). Adverse events were not well reported and came largely from low- or very low-certainty, short-term trials. In trials that reported abnormal skin thinning, frequency was low overall and increased with increasing potency. We found no trials on the optimum duration of treatment of a flare, branded versus generic topical corticosteroids, and time to leave between application of topical corticosteroids and emollient. There is a need for longer-term trials, in people with mild eczema.

Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Cochrane Collaboration.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Disclaimer

This report presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research programme (grant ref No. RP‐PG‐0216‐20007) and via Cochrane Infrastructure funding to the Cochrane Skin Group. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Systematic Reviews Programme, NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Figures

1
1
Overview of strategies included in the review. Figure created by Dr Natasha Rogers, Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham
2
2
Risk of bias graph: percentage of studies for which review authors' judgements were low, unclear, and high risk of bias by domain
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study
4
4
Study flow diagram. Database searches last updated 28 January 2021
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison 3. Potent versus moderate potency topical corticosteroid, outcome: 3.1: cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); all ages; all severities
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison 7. Twice or more versus once daily topical corticosteroid, outcome 7.1: cleared or marked improvement (unless stated) on IGA (short term); all ages; all severities
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Moderate‐potency versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 1: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); all ages; all severities
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Moderate‐potency versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 2: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short‐term); children; all severities
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Moderate‐potency versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 3: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (end of treatment); all ages; all severities
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Moderate‐potency versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 4: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (end of treatment); children; all severities
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Moderate‐potency versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 5: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (short term); children; moderate to severe eczema
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Moderate‐potency versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 6: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (end of treatment); children; moderate to severe eczema
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Moderate‐potency versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 7: Number of participants with a greater IGA/PGA compared to the other group; short term and end of treatment
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Potent versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 1: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short‐term); all ages; all severities
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Potent versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 2: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); children; all severities
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Potent versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 3: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); all ages; split by severity
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Potent versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 4: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (short term); children; severe eczema; parallel‐group studies
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Potent versus mild‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 5: Number of participants with a greater IGA compared to the other group; short term
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Potent versus moderate‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 1: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); all ages; all severities
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Potent versus moderate‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 2: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); split by age; all severities
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Potent versus moderate‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 3: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); all ages; moderate to severe eczema
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Potent versus moderate‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 4: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (short term); all ages; all severities
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Potent versus moderate‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 5: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (end of treatment); all ages; all severities
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Potent versus moderate‐potency topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 6: Number of participants with a greater IGA compared to the other group (short term); unspecified age; unspecified severity
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Very potent versus potent topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 1: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); all ages; all severities
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Very potent versus potent topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 2: Number of participants with a greater IGA compared to the other group (short term); unspecified age and severity
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Topical corticosteroid (TCS) cream versus TCS ointment, Outcome 1: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term and end of treatment); within‐participant studies
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 1: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); all ages; all severities; parallel‐group studies
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 2: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); split by age; all severities
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 3: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (short term); all ages; moderate to severe eczema
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 4: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (end of treatment); all ages; all severities; parallel‐group studies
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 5: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (end of treatment); split by age; all severities
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 6: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (end of treatment); all ages; moderate to severe eczema
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 7: Mean difference in IGA (end of treatment); parallel‐group; children; moderate to severe eczema
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 8: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (end of treatment); all ages; moderate to severe eczema
6.10
6.10. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 10: Number of participants judging itch to be better (short term); parallel‐group; children; moderate to severe eczema)
6.11
6.11. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 11: Number of participants judging itch to be better (end of treatment); parallel‐group; children; moderate to severe eczema)
6.12
6.12. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 12: Number of participants judging sleep disturbance to be better (short term); parallel‐group; children; moderate to severe eczema)
6.13
6.13. Analysis
Comparison 6: Second‐generation versus older topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 13: Number of participants judging sleep disturbance to be better (end of treatment); parallel‐group; children; moderate to severe eczema)
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Twice or more versus once daily topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 1: Cleared or marked improvement (unless stated) on IGA (short term); all ages; all severities
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Twice or more versus once daily topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 2: Cleared or marked improvement (unless stated) on IGA (short term); split by age; all severities
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Twice or more versus once daily topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 3: Cleared or marked improvement (unless stated) on IGA (short term); all ages; moderate to severe eczema
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Twice or more versus once daily topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 4: Cleared or marked improvement on IGA (end of follow‐up); parallel‐group; all ages; all severities
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Twice or more versus once daily topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 5: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (short term); children; moderate‐severity eczema
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7: Twice or more versus once daily topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 6: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (end of treatment); children; moderate‐severity eczema
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7: Twice or more versus once daily topical corticosteroid (TCS), Outcome 8: Cleared or marked improvement on PGA (short term); parallel‐group; all ages; all severities
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Weekend therapy versus no topical corticosteroid (TCS)/reactive application, Outcome 1: Time to relapse; parallel‐group studies; all ages; all severities
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Weekend therapy versus no topical corticosteroid (TCS)/reactive application, Outcome 2: Time to relapse; children; all severities
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Weekend therapy versus no topical corticosteroid (TCS)/reactive application, Outcome 3: Time to relapse; all ages; split by severity
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Weekend therapy versus no topical corticosteroid (TCS)/reactive application, Outcome 4: Number of participants with one or more relapses; parallel‐group studies; all ages; all severities
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Weekend therapy versus no topical corticosteroid (TCS)/reactive application, Outcome 5: Number of participants with one or more relapses; all severities; split by age
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9: Weekend therapy versus no topical corticosteroid (TCS)/reactive application, Outcome 6: Number of participants with one or more relapses; all ages; split by severity
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Wet wrap versus no wet wrap, Outcome 1: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (short term); all ages; all severities
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Wet wrap versus no wet wrap, Outcome 2: SMD in investigator assessment of clinical signs (short term); children; all severities
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References

References to studies included in this review

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Giannetti 1981 {published data only}
    1. Giannetti A, Laria G, Seidenari S.Hydrocortisone-17-butyrate (0.1 percent) versus hydrocortisone acetate (1 percent) in atopic dermatitis. Controlled double-blind study of 20 children. Minerva Pediatrica 1981;33(12 CNO - CN-00487832):597-600. - PubMed
Glazenburg 2009 {published data only}
    1. Glazenburg EJ, Wolkerstorfer A, Gerretsen AL, Mulder PG, Oranje AP.Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate 0.005% ointment in the long-term maintenance treatment of children with atopic dermatitis: differences between boys and girls? Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2009;20(1):59-66. - PubMed
    1. Glazenburg EJ, Wolkerstorfer A, Gerretsen AL, Oranje AP.Twice weekly topical fluticasone propionate delays the time to relapse in children with chronic atopic dermatitis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2003;17 Suppl 3:184.
Goh 1999 {published data only}
    1. Goh CL, Lim JT, Leow YH, Ang CB, Kohar YM.The therapeutic efficacy of mometasone furoate cream 0.1% applied once daily vs clobetasol propionate cream 0.05% applied twice daily in chronic eczema. Singapore Medical Journal 1999;40(5):341-4. - PubMed
Guttman‐Yassky 2017 {published data only}
    1. Guttman-Yassky E, Suarez-Farinas M, Ungar B, Oliva M, Suprun M, Todd D, et al.A model to evaluate intra-patient differential effects of topical agents in atopic dermatitis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2016;136(5 Suppl 1):S96.
    1. Guttman-Yassky E, Ungar B, Malik K, Dickstein D, Suprun M, Estrada YD, et al.Molecular signatures order the potency of topically applied anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017;140(4):1032-42.e13. - PubMed
    1. NCT02376049.A clinical trial to compare topical agents in adults with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD).clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02376049 (first received 3 March 2015).
Handa 1985 {published data only}
    1. Handa F, Puri KP.A randomized double blind study of ointment containing diflucortolone valerate and hydrocortisone acetate. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 1985;51(5):261-2. - PubMed
Haneke 1992 {published data only}
    1. Haneke E.The treatment of atopic dermatitis with methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA), a new topical corticosteroid. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1992;3 Suppl 2:13-5.
Hanifin 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hanifin J, Gupta AK, Rajagopalan R.Intermittent dosing of fluticasone propionate cream for reducing the risk of relapse in atopic dermatitis patients. British Journal of Dermatology 2002;147(3):528-37. - PubMed
Harder 1983 {published data only}
    1. Harder F, Rufli T.Therapy of eczema. Once daily use of diflorasone diacetate in comparison to thrice daily use of betamethasone-17-valerate. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 1983;72(39):1240-2. - PubMed
Haribhakti 1982 {published data only}
    1. Haribhakti BP.Comparative study of clobetasone butyrate cream (Eumovate) and hydrocortisone cream in children with eczema. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 1982;48(6):344-7. - PubMed
Henrijean 1983 {published data only}
    1. Henrijean A, Lapiere CM.Clinical evaluation of desonide cream (Sterax(R)). Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1983;33(5):775-81.
Hindley 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hindley D, Galloway G, Murray J, Gardener L.A randomised study of "wet wraps" versus conventional treatment for atopic eczema. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2006;91(2):164-8. - PMC - PubMed
Hoybye 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hoybye S, Balk Moller S, De Cunha Bang F, Ottevanger V, Veien NK.Continuous and intermittent treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults with mometasone furoate versus hydrocortisone 17-butyrate. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1991;50(1):67-72.
Innocenti 1977 {published data only}
    1. Innocenti A, Webb F.Evaluation of diflucortolone valerianate, a new corticosteroid for topical use in dermatoses with acute and chronic course. Comparison with fluocortolone caproate. Chronica Dermatologica 1977;8(5):721-31.
Jorizzo 1995 {published data only}
    1. Jorizzo J, Levy M, Lucky A, Shavin J, Goldberg G, Dunlap F, et al.Multicenter trial for long-term safety and efficacy comparison of 0.05% desonide and 1% hydrocortisone ointments in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1995;33(1):74-7. - PubMed
Kaplan 1978 {published data only}
    1. Kaplan RJ, Daman L, Rosenberg EW, Feigenbaum S.Topical use of caffeine with hydrocortisone in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Archives of Dermatology 1978;114(1):60-2. - PubMed
Kim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kim DH, Lee HJ, Park CW, Kim KH, Lee KH, Ro BI, et al.The clinical efficacy of mometasone furoate in multi-lamellar emulsion for eczema: a double-blinded crossover study. Annals of Dermatology 2013;25(1):17-22. - PMC - PubMed
Kirkup 2003a {published data only}
    1. Kirkup ME, Birchall NM, Weinberg EG, Helm K, Kennedy CT.Acute and maintenance treatment of atopic dermatitis in children - two comparative studies with fluticasone propionate (0.05%) cream. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2003;14(3):141-8. - PubMed
Kirkup 2003b {published data only}
    1. Kirkup ME, Birchall NM, Weinberg EG, Helm K, Kennedy CT.Acute and maintenance treatment of atopic dermatitis in children - two comparative studies with fluticasone propionate (0.05%) cream. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2003;14(3):141-8. - PubMed
Kohn 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kohn LL, Kang Y, Antaya RJ.A randomized, controlled trial comparing topical steroid application to wet versus dry skin in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2016;75(2):306-11. - PubMed
    1. Liu, LS.Prospective trial comparing topical steroid application to wet versus dry skin in children with atopic dermatitis [MD thesis]. New Haven, CT, USA: Yale Medicine Digital Thesis Library, 2014.
    1. NCT01675232.A study comparing the efficacy of two topical steroid application regimens in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01675232 (first received 29 August 2012).
Koopmans 1995 {published data only}
    1. Koopmans B, Lasthein Andersen B, Mork NJ, Austad J, Suhonen RE.Multicentre randomized double-blind study of Locoid Lipocream fatty cream twice daily versus Locoid Lipocream once daily and Locobase once daily. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1995;6(2):103-6.
Kuokkanen 1987 {published data only}
    1. Kuokkanen K, Sillantaka I.Alclometasone dipropionate 0.05% vs hydrocortisone 1.0%: potential to induce cutaneous atrophy in children. Clinical Therapeutics 1987;9(2):223-31. - PubMed
Lassus 1983 {published data only}
    1. Lassus A.Clinical comparison of alclometasone dipropionate cream 0.05% with hydrocortisone butyrate cream 0.1% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Journal of International Medical Research 1983;11(5):315-9. - PubMed
Lasthein Andersen 1988 {published data only}
    1. Lasthein Andersen B, Ejner Andersen K, Nielsen R, Stahl D, Niordson A, Roders GA.Treatment of dry atopic dermatitis in children. A double-blind comparison between Mildison lipocream (1% hydrocortisone) and Uniderm (1% hydrocortisone) ointment. Clinical Trials Journal 1988;25(4):278-84.
Lebrun‐Vignes 2000 {published data only}
    1. Lebrun-Vignes B, Legrain V, Amoric J, Taieb A.Comparison of efficacy of 0.1 p. 100 micronized desonide cream and 0.05 p. 100 methasone dipropionate cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis of childhood and effect on plasma cortisol levels. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie 2000;127(6-7):590-5. - PubMed
Lebwohl 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lebwohl M.A comparison of once-daily application of mometasone furoate 0.1% cream compared with twice-daily hydrocortisone valerate 0.2% cream in pediatric atopic dermatitis patients who failed to respond to hydrocortisone. International Journal of Dermatology 1999;38(8):604-6. - PubMed
Liu 2018 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2017-001574-42-Outside-EU/EEA.A randomized, open-label, comparative study to evaluate an intermittent dosing regimen of fluticasone propionate 0·05% cream (twice per week) in reducing the risk of relapse when added to regular daily moisturization using Physiogel Lotion in paediatric subjects with stabilized atopic dermatitis ‐ physiogel lotion with or without FP in AD patients.www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2017-001574-42-Outside-... (first received 21 September 2017).
    1. Liu L, Ong G.A randomized, open-label study to evaluate an intermittent dosing regimen of fluticasone propionate 0.05% cream in combination with regular emollient skin care in reducing the risk of relapse in pediatric patients with stabilized atopic dermatitis. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2018;29(5):501-9. - PubMed
    1. NCT01915914.A randomized, open-label, comparative study to evaluate an intermittent dosing regimen of fluticasone propionate 0·05% cream (twice per week) in reducing the risk of relapse when added to regular daily moisturization using Physiogel Lotion in paediatric subjects with stabilized atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01915914 (first received 5 August 2013).
Lucky 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lucky AW, Grote GD, Williams JL, Tuley MR, Czernielewski JM, Dolak TM, et al.Effect of desonide ointment, 0.05%, on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of children with atopic dermatitis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1997;59(3):151-3. - PubMed
Mahrle 1989 {published data only}
    1. Mahrle G, Wemmer U, Matthies C.Optimized interval treatment of eczema with fluprednidene. A multicenter double-blind study. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1989;64(9):766-8, 773-4. - PubMed
Mali 1976 {published data only}
    1. MaliJW.An evaluation of betamethasone dipropionate (Diprosone) versus Locacorten 0.02% cream. Dermatologica 1976;153(3):177-8. - PubMed
Marchesi 1994 {published data only}
    1. Marchesi E, Rozzoni M, Pini P, Cainelli T.Comparative study of mometasone furoate and betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 1994;129(1-2):IX-XII.
Marten 1980 {published data only}
    1. Marten RH, Byrne JP, Peiris S, Butler J, Keenan J.Study of the effects of hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate ointments on plasma ACTH levels and Synacthen responses in children with eczema. Dermatologica 1980;160(4):261-9. - PubMed
Meenan 1963 {published data only}
    1. Meenan FO.The treatment of infantile eczema with fluocinolone acetonide cream. Journal of the Irish Medical Association 1963;52:75-6. - PubMed
Meffert 1999 {published data only}
    1. Meffert H, Schuppler J.Methylprednisolone aceponate lotion for the treatment of acute eczema. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1999;74(2):89-94.
Mobacken 1986 {published data only}
    1. Mobacken H, Hersle K.Alclometasone dipropionate ointment 0.05% versus hydrocortisone ointment 1.0% in children with eczema. Acta Therapeutica 1986;12:269-78.
Msika 2008 {published data only}
    1. De Belilovsky C, Baudouin C, Bredif S, Chadoutaud B, Msika P.Sunflower oleodistillate: a topical PPAR-alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) agonist developed for atopic dermatitis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2011;131 Suppl 1:S46.
    1. De Belilovsky C, Bredif S, Chadoutaud B, Baudouin C.Sunflower oleodistillate: a topical PPAR-alpha agonist developed for atopic dermatitis. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 2015;56:30.
    1. De Belilovsky C, Chadoutaud B, Baudouin C, Msika P.Sunflower oleodistillate: a topical PPAR-alpha agonist developed for atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011;64(2 Suppl 1):AB58.
    1. De Belilovsky C, Msika P, Menu F, Baudouin C, Chadoutaud B.Natural PPAR-alpha agonist and atopic dermatitis: from research to clinical efficacy. European Journal of Pediatric Dermatology 2010;20(1):63.
    1. Msika C, Belilovsky C, Menu F, Baudouin C, Chadoutaud B.Natural PPAR-alpha agonist and atopic dermatitis: From research to clinical efficacy. Contact Dermatitis 2010;63 Suppl 1:83.
Munro 1967 {published data only}
    1. Munro DD, Wilson HT, Rhodes EL.Comparison of betamethasone 17-valerate ointment with fluocortolone and fluocortolone caproate ointment. BMJ 1967;4(5574):275-6. - PMC - PubMed
Munro 1975 {published data only}
    1. Munro DD, Wilson L.Clobetasone butyrate, a new topical corticosteroid: clinical activity and effects on pituitary-adrenal axis function and model of epidermal atrophy. BMJ 1975;3:626-8. - PMC - PubMed
Murphy 2003 {published data only}
    1. Murphy L, Atherton D.A study to determine efficacy and safety of wet wrap dressings to treat atopic eczema in children. Abstract FC16-2. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2003;17 Suppl 3:154 .
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Ng 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ng SY, Begum S, Chong SY.Does order of application of emollient and topical corticosteroids make a difference in the severity of atopic eczema in children? Pediatric Dermatology 2016;33(2):160-4. - PubMed
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Nolting 1991 {published data only}
    1. Nolting S, Glowania H-J, Grunder K, Jablonski K, Donhauser G, Stalleicken D.Therapy of atopical eczema in children. Results of a controlled study with the topical corticosteroid preparations mometason and prednikarbat. Der Kinderarzt 1991;22(10):1689-97.
Noren 1989 {published data only}
    1. Noren P, Melin L.The effect of combined topical steroids and habit-reversal treatment in patients with atopic dermatitis. British Journal of Dermatology 1989;121(3):359-66. - PubMed
Pei 2001 {published data only}
    1. Pei AY, Chan HH, Ho KM.The effectiveness of wet wrap dressings using 0.1% mometasone furoate and 0.005% fluticasone proprionate ointments in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatric Dermatology 2001;18(4):343-8. - PubMed
Peserico 2008 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2004-002673-22-DE.Double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, multicenter, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and safety of Advantan cream twice weekly with Advabas cream during a maintenance phase of 16 weeks after successful treatment of atopic dermatitis with Advantan cream - Advantan maintenance study.www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2004-002673-22/DE (first received 24 January 2005).
    1. EUCTR2004-002673-22-IT.Double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, multicenter, parallel-group study to compare the efficacy and safety of Advantan cream twice weekly with Advabase cream during a maintenance phase of 16 weeks after successful treatment of atopic dermatitis with Advantan cream.www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2004-002673-22/IT (first received 19 September 2005).
    1. NCT00185510.Efficacy and safety study of Advantan for maintenance treatment of atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00185510 (first received 16 September 2005).
    1. Peserico A, Stadtler G, Sebastian M, Fernandez RS, Vick K, Bieber T.Reduction of relapses of atopic dermatitis with methylprednisolone aceponate cream twice weekly in addition to maintenance treatment with emollient: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled study. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;158(4):801-7. - PubMed
Portnoy 1969 {published data only}
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Prado de Oliveira 2002 {published data only}
    1. Prado de Oliveira ZN, Cuce LC, Arnone M.Comparative evaluation of efficacy, tolerability and safety of 0.1% topical momethasone furoate and 0.05% desonide in the treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2002;77(1 CNO - CN-00644384):25-33.
Queille 1984 {published data only}
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Rafanelli 1993 {published data only}
    1. Rafanelli A, Rafanelli S, Stanganelli I, Marchesi E.Mometasone furoate in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 1993;2(3):225-30.
Rajka 1986 {published data only}
    1. Rajka G, Verjans HL.Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (Locoid) 0.1% fatty cream versus desonide (Apolar) 0.1% ointment in the treatment of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Journal of International Medical Research 1986;14(2):85-90. - PubMed
Rampini 1992a {published data only}
    1. Rampini E.Methylprenisolone aceponate (MPA)* - use and clinical experience in children. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1992;2(Suppl 2 CNO - CN-00421335):27-9.
Rampini 1992b {published data only}
    1. Rampini E.Methylprenisolone aceponate (MPA)* - use and clinical experience in children. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1992;3(Suppl 2 CNO - CN-00421335):27-9.
Reidhav 1996 {published data only}
    1. Reidhav I, Svensson A.Betamethasone valerate versus mometasone furoate cream once daily in atopic dermatitis. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1996;7(2):87-8.
Richelli 1990 {published data only}
    1. Richelli C, Piacentini GL, Sette L, Bonizzato MC, Andreoli A, Boner AL.Clinical efficacy and tolerability of clobetasone 17-butyrate 0.5% lotion in children with atopic dermatitis. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1990;47(3):413-7.
Rossi 2002 {published data only}
    1. Rossi AM, Ortonne JP, Guillet G, Dubertret L, Lahfa M, Griffiths C, et al.Efficacy and safety comparison of desonide 0.05% lotion versus fluocortolone 0.5% ointment in atopic dermatitis. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie: 20th World Congress of Dermatology 2002;129:P0252.
Roth 1973 {published data only}
    1. Roth H, McCleary J.Double blind trial of fluocinonide cream in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Clinical Medicine 1973;80(5):16-9.
Roth 1978a {published data only}
    1. Roth HL, Brown EP.Hydrocortisone valerate. Double-blind comparison with two other topical steroids. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1978;21(5):695-8. - PubMed
Roth 1978b {published data only}
    1. Roth HL, Brown EP.Hydrocortisone valerate. Double-blind comparison with two other topical steroids. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1978;21(5):695-8. - PubMed
Rubio‐Gomis 2018 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2008-005360-14-ES.Randomised controlled, double blind trial of topical twice weekly fluticasone propionate maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in mild or moderate atopic dermatitis in children [Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego con propionato de fluticasona tópico 2 veces por semana, como tratamiento de mantenimiento, para reducir el riesgo de recidivas de dermatitis atópica leve o moderada en niño].www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2008-005360-14/ES (first received 17 March 2009).
    1. NCT01772056.Efficacy study of topical twice weekly fluticasone treatment to reduce relapse in atopic dermatitis in children.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01772056 (first received 21 January 2013).
    1. Rubio E, Martinez-Mir I, Morales-Olivas FJ, Martorell-Aragones A, Larrea VP, Sese AB, et al.Allergic diseases of the skin and drug allergies-2015. Randomized controlled, double blind trial of topical twice weekly fluticasone propionate maintenance treatment to reduce risk of relapse in mild or moderate atopic dermatitis in children. World Allergy Organization Journal 2013;6 Suppl 1:P102.
    1. Rubio-Gomis E, Martinez-Mir I, Morales-Olivas F, Martorell-Aragones A, Palop-Larrea V, Bernalte-Sese A, et al.Randomized controlled, double blind trial of topical twice weekly fluticasone propionate maintenance treatment to reduced risk of relapse in mild or moderate atopic dermatitis (AD) in children. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology 2012;1:30-1.
    1. Rubio-Gomis E, Martinez-Mir I, Morales-Olivas FJ, Martorell-Aragones A, Palop-Larrea V, Bernalte-Sesé A, et al.Fluticasone in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis relapse: a randomized controlled trial. Allergologia et Immunopathologia 2018;46(4):378-84. - PubMed
Ruiz 1976 {published data only}
    1. Ruiz EM, Alaniz JB, Alvarez EG.Bouble-blind unilateral comparison of difluocortolone valerate and flumethasone pivalate ointments. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1976;51 Suppl 1:51-5. - PubMed
Ryu 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ryu YS, Choi SW, Kim TW, Kim HO, Kim CW.Comparison of the safety and efficacy of mometasone furoate cream 0.1% and fluocortin butylester cream 0.75% in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Journal of Korean Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1997;5(2):205-11.
Sanabria‐Silva 1991 {published data only}
    1. Sanabria-Silva E, Laterza AM, Tamayo L, Ruiz-Maldonado R.Evaluation of rebound phenomenon in children with atopic dermatitis treated with topical corticosteroids. Dermatologia: Revista Mexicana 1991;35(2):84-9.
Savin 1976 {published data only}
    1. Savin RC.Betamethasone dipropionate in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Connecticut Medicine 1976;40(1 CNO - CN-00499444):5-7. - PubMed
Schlessinger 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gupta A, Kogan N.Effect of fluocinonide 1% cream on the HPA axis suppression in pediatric population with atopic dermatitis Abstract P826. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology: American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB86 .
    1. Gupta A, Kogan N.Efficacy of fluocinonide 0.1% cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis Abstract P827. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology: American Academy of Dermatology 64th Annual Meeting 2006;54(3 Suppl):AB86 .
    1. ISRCTN71227633.An open-label adrenal suppression study of fluocinonide 0.1% cream in pediatric subjects with atopic dermatitis.www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN71227633 (first received 29 March 2006).
    1. Schlessinger J, Miller B, Gilbert RD, Plott RT, Vanos StudyGroup.An open-label adrenal suppression study of 0.1% fluocinonide cream in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Archives of Dermatology 2006;142(12):1568-72. - PubMed
Sefton 1984a {published data only}
    1. Sefton J, Kyriakopoulos AA.Comparative efficacy of hydrocortisone valerate 0.2 percent ointment in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1983;32(1):89-91, 94. - PubMed
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Sefton 1984b {published data only}
    1. Sefton J, Kyriakopoulos AA.Comparative efficacy of hydrocortisone valerate 0.2 percent ointment in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1983;32(1):89-91, 94. - PubMed
    1. Sefton J, Loder JS, Kyriakopoulos AA.Clinical evaluation of hydrocortisone valerate 0.2% ointment. Clinical Therapeutics 1984;6(3):282-93. - PubMed
Sefton 1984c {published data only}
    1. Sefton J, Kyriakopoulos AA.Comparative efficacy of hydrocortisone valerate 0.2 percent ointment in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1983;32(1):89-91, 94. - PubMed
    1. Sefton J, Loder JS, Kyriakopoulos AA.Clinical evaluation of hydrocortisone valerate 0.2% ointment. Clinical Therapeutics 1984;6(3):282-93. - PubMed
Sikder 2005 {published data only}
    1. Sikder MA, Al Mamun S, Khan RM, Chowdhury AH, Khan HM, Hoque MM.Topical 0.03% tacrolimus ointment, 0.05% clobetasone butyrate cream alone and their combination in older children with atopic dermatitis - an open randomized comparative study. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists 2005;15(4):304-12.
Sillevis 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sillevis Smitt JH, Spuls PI, Van Leent EJ, De Vries HJ, Mulder PG, Glazenburg EJ, et al.Should children with constitutional eczema be treated with corticosteroids continuously or in pulse? A prospective, randomised, double blind study with clobetason butyrate. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Dermatologie & Venereologie 2000;10:204-5.
Sparkes 1974 {published data only}
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Stewart 1973 {published data only}
    1. Stewart WD, Runikis JO, Verma SC, Wallace S.Problems in selection of topical anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1973;108(1):33-8. - PMC - PubMed
Sudilovsky 1981 {published data only}
    1. Sudilovsky A, Muir JG, Bocobo FC.A comparison of single and multiple applications of halcinonide cream. International Journal of Dermatology 1981;20(9):609-13. - PubMed
Tharp 1996 {published data only}
    1. Tharp MD.A comparison of twice-daily and once-daily administration of fluticasone propionate cream, 0.05%, in the treatment of eczema. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1996;57 Suppl 2:19-26. - PubMed
Thomas 2002 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Thomas K, Williams H, Armstrong S, O'Neill C, Li Wan Po A, Thomas J.Randomized controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus more prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with atopic eczema. British Journal of Dermatology 2002;147(2):411. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Thomas K, Williams H, Avery A, Li Wan Po A, Armstrong S, Lenton J.Topical steroids in mild-to-moderate eczema - short bursts of strong preparations or continuous use of mild ones? Allergologie 2001;24(5):210.
    1. Thomas K, Williams H, Avery A, Li Wan Po A, Armstrong S, Lenton J.Topical steroids in mild to moderate eczema -short bursts of strong preparations or continuous use of mild ones? Abstract 06. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2001;117(3):758.
    1. Thomas KS, Armstrong S, Avery A, Li Wan Po A, O'Neill C, Young S, et al.Randomised controlled trial of short bursts of a potent topical corticosteroid versus prolonged use of a mild preparation for children with mild or moderate atopic eczema. BMJ 2002;324(7340):768. - PMC - PubMed
Ulrich 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ulrich R, Andresen I.Treatment of acute episodes of atopic dermatitis. Double-blind comparative study with 0.05% halometasone cream versus 0.25% prednicarbate cream. Fortschritte der Medizin 1991;109(36):741-4. - PubMed
Van Del Rey 1983 {published data only}
    1. Van Del Rey ML, Geller M, Azulay RD.Double-blind study on the efficacy and safety of alclomethasone cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis [Estudo duplo-cego sobre a eficacia e a seguranca do creme de alcometasoma no tratamento de dermatite atopica]. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologa 1983;58:177-80.
Van Der Meer 1999 {published data only}
    1. Van Der Meer JB, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Eggink HF, Coenraads PJ, The Netherlands Adult Atopic Dermatitis Study Group.The management of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adults with topical fluticasone propionate. British Journal of Dermatology 1999;140(6):1114-21. - PubMed
    1. Van Der Meer JB, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Eggink HF, Coenraads PJ.Efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate ointment in the long-term treatment of atopic dermatitis Abstract 4139. Australasian Journal of Dermatology: 19th World Congress of Dermatology 1997;38 Suppl 2 CNO - CN-00499464:235 .
Veien 1984 {published data only}
    1. Veien NK, Hattel T, Justesen O, Nørholm A, Verjans HL.Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (Locoid(R)) 0.1% cream versus hydrocortisone (Uniderm(R)) 1% cream in the treatment of children suffering from atopic dermatitis. Journal of International Medical Research 1984;12(5):310-3. - PubMed
Vernon 1991 {published data only}
    1. Vernon HJ, Lane AT, Weston W.Comparison of mometasone furoate 0.1% cream and hydrocortisone 1.0% cream in the treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1991;24(4):603-7. - PubMed
Wilson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kaur M, Feldman S, Clark A, Inabinet R.Adherence to topical hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 0.1% using different vehicles in adults with atopic dermatitis Abstract P727. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology: American Academy of Dermatology 65th Annual Meeting 2007;56(2):AB74 . - PubMed
    1. NCT00693693.Adherence to topical hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 0.1% (Locoid®) using different vehicles in adults with atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00693693 (first received 9 June 2008).
    1. Wilson R, Camacho F, Clark AR, Young T, Inabinet R, Yentzer BA, et al.Adherence to topical hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 0.1% in different vehicles in adults with atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009;60(1):166-8. - PubMed
Wolkerstorfer 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wolkerstorfer A, Strobos MA, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Oranje AP.Fluticasone propionate 0.05% cream once daily versus clobetasone butyrate 0.05% cream twice daily in children with atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1998;39(2 Pt 1):226-31. - PubMed
Wortzel 1975 {published data only}
    1. Wortzel MH.A new corticosteroid for moderate/severe dermatoses. Clinical Medicine 1975;82(3):23-6.
Yasuda 1976 {published data only}
    1. Yasuda T.Clinical experiences with hydrocortisone 17-butyrate. Dermatologica 1976;152 Suppl 1:221-9. - PubMed
Yawalkar 1991 {published data only}
    1. Yawalkar SJ, Schwerzmann L.Double-blind, comparative clinical trials with halobetasol propionate cream in patients with atopic dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1991;25(6 Pt 2):1163-6. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abrahams 1975 {published data only}
    1. Abrahams M, Aikman PM, Basker MA.A non steroidal anti inflammatory cream. A report from the general practitioner research group. Practitioner 1975;214(1283):689-92. - PubMed
ACTRN12618000864224 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12618000864224.A pilot study of a customised nanotextile wet garment treatment on moderate and severe atopic dermatitis.www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=375108 (first received 16 May 2018).
Aerce 1972 {published data only}
    1. Aerce HEP.Comparative studies with benisone (betamethasone 17-benzoate) in steroid-responsive dermatoses. Journal of the National Medical Association 1972;64(4):322-5 and 369. - PMC - PubMed
Aertgeerts 1973 {published data only}
    1. Aertgeerts J, Dohn W, Johne H, Rassner G, Struppe A, Vinks PA.Double blind study on two local administered corticoid preparations for eczema therapy. Medizinische Monatsschrift 1973;27(3):129-31. - PubMed
Afzelius 1979 {published data only}
    1. Afzelius HW, Jacobsen KU.A double-blind controlled trial of betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% (Diproderm) in comparison with fluocinolone acetonide 0.025% (Synalar) in psoriasis and other steroid-responsive dermatoses. Journal of International Medical Research 1979;7(5):411-4. - PubMed
Ahumada Padilla 1982 {published data only}
    1. Ahumada Padilla M, Barbara Stark F.Comparative double blind study of two anti-eczema creams. Investigacion Medica Internacional 1982;9(1):36-42.
Albrecht 1994 {published data only}
    1. Albrecht G.Clinical comparison of methylprednisolone aceponate and prednicarbate in chronic eczema. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 1994;3 Suppl 1:S42-8.
Alexander 1973 {published data only}
    1. Alexander S, Lyne C.A preliminary clinical trial of hydrocortisone-17-butyrate. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1973;27(5):177-9. - PubMed
Almeyda 1974 {published data only}
    1. Almeyda J, Burt BW.Double blind controlled study of treatment of atopic eczema with a preparation of hydrocortisone in a new drug delivery system versus betamethasone 17-valerate. British Journal of Dermatology 1974;91(5):579-83. - PubMed
Alonso 1999 {published data only}
    1. Alonso FF, Pessoa Mendes A, Costa Soares de Sa B, Nappo V.Comparative efficacy and tolerability between 0.1% mometasone furoate cream and 1% hydrocortisone cream for corticoid sensitive treatment in pediatry. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 1999;74(4):351-5.
Amerio 1975 {published data only}
    1. Amerio P, Ayala F, Bassi R.Therapeutic effect of a new topical corticosteroid preparation, difluorocortolone valerianate. A double blind multicenter trial. Archivio Italiano di Dermatologia, Venereologia e Sessuologia 1975;40(3):165-75.
Anonymous 1969 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous.A comparative trial of beclomethasone dipropionate and flurometholone in general practice. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1969;23(10):435-6. - PubMed
Anonymous 1976 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous.A double-blind comparative study on the clinical efficacy of topical betamethasone 17-benzoate. Rinsho Hyoka [Clinical Evaluation] 1976;4(1):41-60.
Anonymous 1979 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous.Systemic effects of topical application of beclomethasone dipropionate--comparative studies with betamethasone 17-valerate ointment and fluocinonide cream. Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi [Japanese Journal of Dermatology] 1979;89(2):61-8. - PubMed
Anonymous 1981a {published data only}
    1. Clinical Research Group for Amcinonide.Double blind study on topical amcinonide. Clinical effect on eczematous dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Nishinihon Journal of Dermatology 1981;43(1):79-91.
Anonymous 1981b {published data only}
    1. General Practitioner Research Group.Topical corticosteroids in eczema. A comparative trial. Practitioner 1981;225(1353):410-1. - PubMed
Anonymous 1981c {published data only}
    1. Clinical Research Group for K-FA.A double-blind controlled study on the clinical usefulness of fluocinolone acetonide tape (K-FA). On psoriasis vulgaris, lichenified type of eczema and prurigo. Nishinihon Journal of Dermatology 1981;43(5):816-24.
Anonymous 1991a {published data only}
    1. Anonymous.Clinical usefulness of 0.1% methylprednisolone aceponate preparations on eczematous dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Rinsho Iyaku [Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines] 1991;7(5):1011-32.
Anonymous 1991b {published data only}
    1. Anonymous.Clinical study for frequency of application of 0.1% methylprednisolone aceponate: double-blind comparative study with once and twice a day application. Rinsho Iyaku [Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines] 1991;7(7):1565-76.
Anonymous 2004 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous.Combination atopic dermatitis therapy reduces adverse effects. Formulary 2004;39(5):245-6.
Anonymous 2017 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous.Efficacy and tolerance of a barrier cream medical device in association with topical steroids in the management of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2017;76(6 Suppl 1):AB117.
Anonymous 2018 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous.Abstractband der DDG Kompakt und Praxisnah 2018. Journal of the German Society of Dermatology 2018;Suppl 1.
Ashton 1987 {published data only}
    1. Ashton RE, Catterall M, Morley N, Fairris G, Joseph DN.A double-blind comparison of 0.25% and 0.05% desoxymethasone, 0.1% betamethasone valerate and 1% hydrocortisone creams in the treatment of eczema. Journal of International Medical Research 1987;15(3):160-6. - PubMed
Ashurst 1970 {published data only}
    1. Ashurst PJ, Caldwell IW, Champion RH, Hall-Smith SP, Milne JA.Beclomethasone dipropionate compared with betamethasone-17-valerate in the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1970;24(1):45-7. - PubMed
Ashurst 1972 {published data only}
    1. Ashurst PJ.Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate, a new synthetic topical corticosteroid. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1972;26(6):263-6. - PubMed
Atherton 1984 {published data only}
    1. Atherton DJ.Beclomethasone dipropionate for atopic eczema. British Journal of Dermatology 1984;111 Suppl 26:9.
August 1985 {published data only}
    1. August PJ, Platt NE, Wiseman RA.A test of the half-side comparative design in the clinical evaluation of topical steroids, using diflucortolone and betamethasone creams. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1985;39(10):383-7. - PubMed
Aussems 1972 {published data only}
    1. Aussems J, Gillesberger W, Van Neer FC, Van Zuiden E.A trial comparing two corticoid preparations for the treatment of eczematous skin disorders. Arzneimittel-Forschung 1972;22(12):2075-8. - PubMed
Aussems 1974 {published data only}
    1. Aussems J.Diproson cream SCH 11460 (betamethasone dipropionate), a new topical corticosteroid. Results of a double blind study in comparison with fluocinolone acetonide. Ars Medici Revue Internationale de Therapie Pratique 1974;29(8):1553-7.
Bagatell 1974 {published data only}
    1. Bagatell FK.Halcinonide: a new potent topical anti inflammatory drug. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1974;14(3):459-62.
Baran 1971 {published data only}
    1. Baran R.Double-blind clinical trial comparing fluocinonide FAPG cream with flumethasone pivalate cream. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 1971;52 Suppl 67:79-81. - PubMed
Barsky 1976 {published data only}
    1. Barsky S.Clinical comparison of desonide cream with fluocinonide cream in steroid-responsive dermatologic disorders. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1976;18(6):826-30. - PubMed
Beck 1981 {published data only}
    1. Beck M, Berger C, Filipp N, Hundertmark U, Loewel R.Double-blind study on treatment with clobetasol-17-propionate and other topical corticoids. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1981;56(16):1066-70. - PubMed
Belliboni 1973 {published data only}
    1. Belliboni N.Topical use in dermatology of a clocortolone pivalate (CL 68) cream (double blind study). Revista Brasileira de Clinica e Terapeutica 1973;2(5):235-42.
Bergoend 1982 {published data only}
    1. Bergoend H.Double-blind comparison of hydrocortisone butyrate and halcinonide. Gazette Medicale de France 1982;89(36):4477-8.
Berti 1977 {published data only}
    1. Berti E.Action of fluazacort, a new cortisone derivative for topical use. Chronica Dermatologica 1977;8(5):653-60.
Bhutani 1980 {published data only}
    1. Bhutani LK, Bhate SM, Dave ML.A sequential study on desoximetasone (Esperson): a topical cortisosteroid. Clinical Trials Journal 1980;17(2):56-63.
Bickers 1984 {published data only}
    1. Bickers DR.A comparative study of amcinonide and halcinonide in the treatment of eczematous dermatitis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1984;34(2):190-4. - PubMed
Binder 1972 {published data only}
    1. Binder R, McCleary J.Comparison of fluocinonide in a double-blind study with betamethasone valerate. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1972;14(1):35-8. - PubMed
Binder 1977 {published data only}
    1. Binder RH.Clinical study of clocortolone pivalate in the treatment of eczema/atopic dermatitis. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1977;21(6):796-801.
Binet 1979 {published data only}
    1. Binet O, Brunetiere RA, Bruneau O, Bogaievsky Y.A double blind comparative trial between amcinonide and fluocinonide in dermatology. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1979;25(4):500-7.
Bjornberg 1975 {published data only}
    1. Bjornberg A, Hellgren L.Comparison between 2 steroid dosage forms in psoriasis and eczema. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1975;Suppl 2:13-5. - PubMed
Bleeker 1989 {published data only}
    1. Bleeker J, Anagrius C, Iversen N, Stenberg B, Cullberg Valentin K.Double-blind comparative study of Corticoderm(TM) cream + Unguentum Merck(TM) and Betnovate(TM) cream + Unguentum Merck(TM) in hand dermatitis. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1989;1(2):87-90.
Bluefarb 1972 {published data only}
    1. Bluefarb SM.Clinical comparison of desonide cream with betamethasone valerate cream. A double-blind randomized study. International Journal of Dermatology 1972;11(2):73-6. - PubMed
Blum 1984 {published data only}
    1. Blum G, Kropfli P, Kung D, Suter H.Betamethasone dipropionate glycol ointment versus clobetasol propionate ointment: a multicentre trial in patients with resistant psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Therapeutische Umschau 1984;41(6):420-4. - PubMed
Borelli 1973 {published data only}
    1. Borelli S, Gartmann H, Klaschka F.Clocortolone (Cl 68) versus fluocinolone, a double-blind, randomized lateral comparison. Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete 1973;24(7 ):294-7. - PubMed
Breneman 2006 {published data only}
    1. Breneman D, Fleischer A, Abramovits W, Farber H.Tacrolimus ointment with and without topical steroids in patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Abstract P832. 64th Annual Meeting. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54 Suppl 3:AB88.
Brock 1967 {published data only}
    1. Brock W, Cullen SI.Triamcinolone acetonide in flexible collodion for dermatologic therapy. Archives of Dermatology 1967;96(2):193-4. - PubMed
Brunner 1991 {published data only}
    1. Brunner N, Yawalkar S.A double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group trial with 0.05% halobetasol propionate ointment versus 0.1% diflucortolone valerate ointment in patients with severe, chronic atopic dermatitis or lichen simplex chronicus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1991;25(6 Pt 2):1160-3. - PubMed
    1. Datz B, Yawalkar S.A double-blind, multicenter trial of 0.05% halobetasol propionate ointment and 0.05% clobetasol 17-propionate ointment in the treatment of patients with chronic, localized atopic dermatitis or lichen simplex chronicus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1991;25(6 Pt 2):1157-60. - PubMed
Buckley 1964 {published data only}
    1. Buckley DB.Double-blind comparative trial of betamethasone 17-valerate and fluocinolone acetonide ointments. Journal of the Irish Medical Association 1964;55:45-7. - PubMed
Bureau 1963 {published data only}
    1. Bureau Y , Barriere H, Litoux P, BureauL.Trial of treatment of several dermatoses with betamethasone. Bulletin de la Societe Francaise de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie 1963;70:330-4. - PubMed
Bystron 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bystron J, Vavrova S, Smekalova A, Hilserova I.Assessment of a double blind, placebo controlled study using the medication Joalis (Joalis Bambi Cutis, Joalis Bambi Imun, Joalis Bambi Analerg a Cola de Caballo) on patients suffering from atopic eczema. Alergie 2005;7:44-50.
Camacho 1996 {published data only}
    1. Camacho F, Garcí­a B, Diaz J, Aguirre A, Arnau C, Garcia J, et al.Double-blind intraindividual comparative trial between prednicarbate versus fluocortolone for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas 1996;87:59-63.
Camarasa 1975 {published data only}
    1. Camarasa G.Clinical testing of a new local corticoid: desoximethasone. Zeitschrift für Hautkrankheiten 1975;Suppl 2:21-4. - PubMed
Carbonaro 1986 {published data only}
    1. Carbonaro G, Gallone C.Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and difluorocortolone valerate in the treatment of eczema: statistical results of double-blind, L-R comparative study. Annali Italiani di Dermatologia Clinica e Sperimentale 1986;40(3):309-16.
Carbone 1970 {published data only}
    1. Carbone G, Massone L.Controlled experimentation on the therapeutic effect of 2 topical anti-inflammatory steroids. Archivio Italiano di Dermatologia, Venereologia, e Sessuologia 1970;36(3):207-14. - PubMed
Cardona 2020 {published data only}
    1. Cardona ID, Kempe EE, Lary C, Ginder JH, Jain N.Frequent versus infrequent bathing in pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice 2020;8(3):1014-21. - PubMed
    1. Cardona ID, Kempe EE, Ginder JH, Jain N.Twice daily versus twice weekly soak-and-seal baths in pediatric atopic dermatitis: a randomized, single-blinded, prospective crossover controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and World Allergy Organization Joint Congress 2018;141(2 Suppl 1):Ab130-411.
    1. NCT03397979.Twice daily versus twice weekly soak-and-seal baths in pediatric atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03397979 (first received 12 January 2018).
Carvajal 1976 {published data only}
    1. Carvajal Rosado VM.Topical treatment of dermatoses with difluocortolone valerate fatty ointment. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1976;51 Suppl 1:27-9. - PubMed
    1. Carvajal Rosado VM.Topical treatment of various dermatosis with difluocortolone valerianate (ointment). Double blind comparative study. Prensa Medica Mexicana 1976;41(5-6):183-5. - PubMed
Castro 1977 {published data only}
    1. Castro RM, Szynkier VP.A double-blind study with amcinonide acetate and triamcinolone acetonide in diverse dermatological disorders. Folha Medica 1977;75(3):305-8.
Celleno 1991 {published data only}
    1. Celleno L.Clinical efficacy of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 0.1% fatty cream in the treatment of eczematous skin disease. A comparative study versus alclometasone dipropionate. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 1991;126(4):XI-XIV.
Chapman 1979 {published data only}
    1. Chapman RS.Treatment of atopic dermatitis. Practitioner 1979;223(1337):713-6. - PubMed
Charney 1975 {published data only}
    1. Charney P, Leibsohn E.Atopic dermatitis: treatment with topical betamethasone dipropionate. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1975;16(4 ):739-41.
Chiarenza 1982 {published data only}
    1. Chiarenza A.Results of the use of diflorasone diacetate ointment in dermatology. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 1982;117(3):XIX-XXII. - PubMed
ChiCTR‐IOR‐15007140 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-15007140.Effect and efficacy of a linoleic acid-ceramide containing moisturizer in atopic dermatitis.www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-IOR-15007140 (first received on 31 August 2015).
ChiCTR‐TRC‐12002591 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-12002591.Optimization of light, moderate to severe atopic dermatitis treatment strategies of the stabilization period: multicenter, open, randomized controlled study.www.chictr.org.cn/historyversionpuben.aspx?regno=ChiCTR-TRC-12002591 (first received 31 October 2015).
ChiCTR‐TRC‐13003551 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-13003551.Use of mometasone furoate plus moisturizer for the treatment of atopic dermatitis/non-wet(sicca) eczema: a multicenter and controlled clinical trial.www.chictr.org.cn/historyversionpuben.aspx?regno=ChiCTR-TRC-13003551 (first received 4 March 2016).
ChiCTR‐TRC‐14004331 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-14004331.A clinical research of a drug combination for the treatment of dermatitis and eczema.www.chictr.org.cn/historyversionpuben.aspx?regno=ChiCTR-TRC-14004331 (first received 14 February 2014).
Christiansen 1977 {published data only}
    1. Christiansen JV, Gadborg E, Kleiter I, Ludvigsen K, Meier CH, Norholm A, et al.Efficacy of bufexamac (NFN) cream in skin diseases. A double-blind multicentre trial. Dermatologica 1977;154(3):177-84. - PubMed
Cullen 1973 {published data only}
    1. Cullen SI.Selective evaluation of a new topical steroid (betamethasone benzoate). Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1973;15(5):243-7. - PubMed
Cunliffe 1974 {published data only}
    1. Cunliffe WJ, Nicholls JT.A comparison of Metosyn and Betnovate in the treatment of eczema and psoriasis. Journal of International Medical Research 1974;2(1):71-5.
Danto 1963 {published data only}
    1. Danto JL, Stewart WD, Maddin WS, Nelson AJ.Betamethasone: a dermatological clinical evaluation. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1963;88:670-1. - PMC - PubMed
Da Rocha 1973 {published data only}
    1. Da Rocha SBP.Cutaneous affections in children responsive to topical corticosteroids. Therapeutic trial with a new corticosteroid: halcinonide (9alpha fluoro 21 chloro 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha trihydroxypregn 4 eno 3, 20 dione, 16, 17 acetonide). Pediatria Pratica 1973;44(9-12):269-73.
Delescluse 1996 {published data only}
    1. Delescluse J, Van der Endt JD.A comparison of the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of fluticasone propionate ointment, 0.005%, and betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate ointment, 0.05%, in the treatment of eczema. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1996;57 Suppl 2:32-8. - PubMed
Del Rosso 2007 {published data only}
    1. Del Rosso JQ, ConteET.An investigator-blinded evaluation of fluocinonide 0.1% cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Cosmetic Dermatology 2007;20(9):545-52.
Desmons 1977 {published data only}
    1. Desmons F, Defrenne C.Clinical and biological trial of difluprednate in cream and gel forms in pediatric dermatology. Lille Medical 1977;22(9 Suppl 2):743-5. - PubMed
Dobozy 1977 {published data only}
    1. Dobozy A, Hunyadi J, Simon M.Double-blind examinations with preparations containing hydrocortison-17-butyrate (Locoid). Borgyogyaszati es Venerologia Szemle 1979;55(1):20-2.
    1. Dobozy A, Simon N.Clinical experience with hydrocortisone 17-butyrate ('Locoid'): results of a double-blind trial in psoriasis and eczema. Pharmatherapeutica 1977;1(9):588-92.
Doherty 1979 {published data only}
    1. Doherty JC, MacRae KD, Platt NE.Treatment of chronic eczemas. The comparative efficacy of two creams. Practitioner 1979;222(1330):561-3. - PubMed
Dohil 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dohil MA, Alvarez-Connelly E, Eichenfield LF.Fluocinolone acetonide 0.01% in peanut oil: safety and efficacy data in the treatment of childhood atopic dermatitis in infants as young as 3 months of age. Pediatric Dermatology 2009;26(3):262-8. - PubMed
Dominguez 1973 {published data only}
    1. Dominguez Soto L.Clinical investigation of local corticosteroid therapy. Study of betamethasone dipropionate. Archivos Argentinos de Dermatologia 1973;23(4):5-11.
Dominguez 1990 {published data only}
    1. Dominguez L, Hojyo T, Vega E, Jones ML, Peets E.Comparison of the safety and efficacy of mometasone furoate cream 0.1% and clobetasone butyrate cream 0.05% in the treatment of children with a variety of dermatoses. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1990;48(1):128-39.
Dotti 1978 {published data only}
    1. Dotti M, Lepore R, Franchi A, Fici F.Clinical evaluation of dexamethasone 17-valerate in the topical therapy of eczema. Panminerva Medica 1978;20(3):191-66. - PubMed
Draelos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Draelos ZD.Triamcinolone spray: no-rub application as effective as rub application. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015;14(4):286-90. - PubMed
Duke 1983 {published data only}
    1. Duke EE, Maddin S, Aggerwal A.Alclometasone dipropionate in atopic dermatitis: a clinical study. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1983;33(5):769-74.
Dumitriu 1973 {published data only}
    1. Dumitriu R, Bruni G.Our experience with Acépreval a new topical non-fluorinated cortisone in dermatological therapy. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 1973;62(31):970-2. - PubMed
Eichenberger‐de‐Beer 1972 {published data only}
    1. Eichenberger-de-Beer H.Therapeutic experiences with a new topical corticoid (Fluocinonid FAPG). Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 1972;61(47):1465-7. - PubMed
Eichenberger‐de‐Beer 1982 {published data only}
    1. Eichenberger-de Beer H.Experience with diflorasone-diacetate-a new topical corticosteroid used in dermatological practice. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 1982;71(32):1266-8. - PubMed
Eichenfield 2006 {published data only}
    1. Eichenfield LF, Miller BH, Cutivate Lotion Study Group.Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of fluticasone propionate lotion 0.05% for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in subjects from 3 months of age. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(4):715-7. - PubMed
Elgart 1978 {published data only}
    1. Elgart ML, Hall JH, Clement ER, Bodian EL.Multicenter comparison of fluocinolone acetonide in an emollient cream base with betamethasone valerate cream. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the practitioner 1978;22(3):344-6.
English 1989 {published data only}
    1. English JS, Bunker CB, Ruthven K, Dowd PM, Greaves MW.A double-blind comparison of the efficacy of betamethasone dipropionate cream twice daily versus once daily in the treatment of steroid responsive dermatoses. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 1989;14(1):32-4. - PubMed
EUCTR2008‐006422‐33‐ES {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2008-006422-33-ES [Ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo, de la eficacia de Anapsos® en la reducción del empleo de corticosteroides tópicos en el tratamiento de la dermatitis atópica moderada en pacientes de 2 a 17 años de edad - ASAC-ANADA-1-08].www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2008-006422-33/ES (first received 27 May 2009).
EUCTR2009‐017407‐28‐DE {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2009-017407-28-DE.A phase II, single-center, randomized, controlled, double-blind study to assess effects on skin conditions and patient reported outcome of a topical formulation containing LAS41002 on lesional skin in patients with atopic eczema.www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2009-017407-28/DE (first received 18 December 2009).
EUCTR2018‐001043‐31 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2018-001043-31.A phase 3b/4, multicenter, randomized, assessor blinded, vehicle and active (topical corticosteroid and calcineurin inhibitor) controlled, parallel group study of the efficacy, safety, and local tolerability of crisaborole ointment, 2% in pediatric and adult subjects (ages 2 years and older) with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2018-001043-31-SE 2018.
Fadrhoncova 1976 {published data only}
    1. Fadrhoncova A.Treatment of psoriasis and other steroid responsive dermatoses. A double blind trial of betamethasone 17,21 dipropionate (Diprosone) and triamcinolone acetonide. Clinical Trials Journal 1976;13(4):113-7.
Filgueiras 1977 {published data only}
    1. Filgueiras DV, Ferreira JA, Alegre RH.A comparative clinical trial with amcinonide and placebo in patients with atopic dermatitis and chronic eczematous dermatitis. Folha Medica 1977;75(3):299-304.
Fischer 1984 {published data only}
    1. Fischer F.Comparative double-blind study of a 0.1% hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cream (Locoid) and a 0.1% betamethasone-17-valerate cream (Betnovate) in patients with noninfected eczema. Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique 1984;41(6):429-32. - PubMed
Fisher 1979 {published data only}
    1. Fisher M, Kelly AP.Multicenter trial of fluocinonide in an emollient cream base. International Journal of Dermatology 1979;18(8):660-4. - PubMed
Fontanini 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fontanini C, Berti I, Monasta L, Longo G.DermaSilk in long-term control of infantile atopic dermatitis: a double blind randomized controlled trial. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 2013;148(3):293-7. - PubMed
Fowler 2005 {published data only}
    1. Fowler JF, Fransway AF, Jackson JM, Rohowsky N.Hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% cream in the treatment of chronic dermatitis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 2005;75(2):125-31. - PubMed
Fredriksson 1973 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T.A new steroid for the treatment of psoriasis and eczema. Lakartidningen 1973;29(35):2967-8. - PubMed
Fredriksson 1979 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T, Nordin K.Clobetasone butyrate compared with betamethasone valerate in the treatment of atopic and contact dermatitis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1979;6(5):322-4. - PubMed
Fredriksson 1980 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T, Lassus A, Bleeker J.Treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis with halcinonide cream applied once and three times daily. British Journal of Dermatology 1980;102(5):575-7. - PubMed
Fuller 1976 {published data only}
    1. Fuller H, Kassel.Practical experience with triamcinolone acetonide in a new developed ointment base. Medizinische Welt 1976;27(46):2242-3. - PubMed
Gada 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gada S, Laubach S.Three times weekly tacrolimus ointment reduces relapse in stabilized atopic dermatitis: a new paradigm for use. Pediatrics 2009;124 Suppl 2:S132. - PubMed
Garretts 1975 {published data only}
    1. Garretts M.Controlled double-blind comparative trial with fluprednylidene acetate cream and its base. Archiv fur Dermatologische Forschung 1975;251(3):165-8. - PubMed
Gartner 1984 {published data only}
    1. Gartner L, Tarras-Wahlberg C.A double-blind controlled evaluation of Diproderm cream 0.05%, twice a day treatment in comparison with once a day treatment in eczema. Journal of International Medical Research 1984;12(1):59-61. - PubMed
Gayraud 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gayraud F, Sayag M, Jourdan E.Efficacy and tolerance assessment of a new type of dermocosmetic in infants and children with moderate atopic dermatitis. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015;14(2):107-12. - PubMed
Gelmetti 1978 {published data only}
    1. Gelmetti C.Double blind comparison of diflucortolone valerate and betamethasone valerate. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia/Minerva Dermatologica 1978;113(5):307-9.
Gelmetti 1994 {published data only}
    1. Gelmetti C, Grimalt R, Del Campo G, Caputo R.Tolerability and efficacy of topical budesonide in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric age. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 1994;129(3):XIII-VII.
Gharpuray 1980 {published data only}
    1. Gharpuray MB, Dave ML.Clinical evaluation of desoxymethasone - a new corticosteroid. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 1980;46(3):151-5. - PubMed
Gip 1982 {published data only}
    1. Gip L.A multi-centre evaluation of Locoid and Celestona valerate creams in the treatment of patients suffering from non-infected eczema. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1982;31(1):14-9.
Gip 1983 {published data only}
    1. Gip L.Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (locoid) 0.1% fatty cream and betamethasone 17-valerate (celestone valerate) 0.1% cream in the treatment of patients suffering from eczematous skin disease. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1983;34(5):813-7.
Gip 1987 {published data only}
    1. Gip L, Verjans HL.Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 0.1% lipocream versus betamethasone 17- valerate 0.1% cream in the treatment of patients with dry severe chronic eczema. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1987;41(2):258-64.
Giungi 1974 {published data only}
    1. Giungi F.A controlled trial on the effects of dexamethasone 21 linoleate in some skin diseases. Archivio Italiano di Dermatologia, Venereologia e Sessuologia 1974;39(6):379-85.
Gomez 1977 {published data only}
    1. Gomez EC, Kaminester L, Frost P.Topical halcinonide and betamethasone valerate effects on plasma cortisol: acute and subacute usage studies. Archives of Dermatology 1977;113(9):1196-202. - PubMed
Gordon 1999 {published data only}
    1. Gordon K, Guitart J, Victor T, Moonsammy A, Phillips S, West D, et al.Topical triamcinolone and tacrolimus differ in their in vivo effects on Langerhan's cells during the treatment of atopic dermatitis Abstract 788. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. The 60th Annual Meeting of the Society for Investigative Dermatology 1999;112(4 ):654 .
GP Medical Research Unit 1967 {published data only}
    1. GP Medical Research Unit.Treatment of eczemas and infected eczemas. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1967;21(10):505-7. - PubMed
Grater 1967 {published data only}
    1. Grater WC, Grover FW.Evolution of a topical corticosteroid (flumethasone pivalate) in allergic dermatoses. Southern Medical Journal 1967;60(11):1153-8. - PubMed
Grejs 1978 {published data only}
    1. Grejs J.Comparative trial of diflucortolon-21-valerate cream and hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cream in skin diseases. Therapie der Gegenwart 1978;117(12):1930-7. - PubMed
Groel 1968 {published data only}
    1. Groel JT.Dimethyl sulfoxide as a vehicle for corticosteroids. A comparison with the occlusive dressing technique. Archives of Dermatology 1968;97(2):110-4. - PubMed
Grosshans 2000 {published data only}
    1. Grosshans E, Stalder JF, Bazex J, Escande JP, Pernin C, Poncet M, et al.Efficacy and safety of efficort cream versus diprosone cream and advantan cream in the treatment of eczema. Journal of Clinical Research 2000;3:93-100.
    1. Grosshans E, Stalder JF, Bazex J, Escande JP, Pernin C, Poncet M, et al.Efficacy and safety of efficort cream versus diprosone cream and advantan cream in the treatment of eczema. Journal of Drug Assessment 2000;3:235-42.
Guenther 1981 {published data only}
    1. Guenther L, Solomon AR, Voorhees JJ.A controlled comparison of amcinonide cream 0.1 percent and halcinonide cream 0.1 percent in the treatment of eczematous dermatitis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1981;28(4):461-2, 464, 467. - PubMed
Guillet 1989 {published data only}
    1. Guillet G, Nougue J.Comparative double-blind study of two topical corticosteroids in acute or chronic eczema: hydrocortisone butyrate lipocream versus betamethase one diproprionate pomade. Comptes Rendus de Therapeutique et de Pharmacologie Clinique 1989;7(79):10-7.
Guillot 1983 {published data only}
    1. Guillot CF, Pizarro RM.Comparative double-blind study between hydrocortisone 17-butyrate vs. betamethasone 17-valerate in the treatment of no infected dermatosis. Archivos Argentinos de Dermatologia 1983;33(3):179-83.
Haim 1973 {published data only}
    1. Haim S, Cohen A.Topical corticosteroid activity. A comparative double blind trial of fluocinonide in FAPG base and betamethasone valerate cream. Clinical Trials Journal 1973;10(3):95-7.
Handa 1988 {published data only}
    1. Handa F, Sharma PK, Guha A, Sharma SD.Alcometasone dipropionate 0.05% ointment versus hydrocortisone 1.0% ointment in eczema & other dermatoses. Indian Journal of Dermatology 1988;33(1):5-8. - PubMed
Haribhakti 1973 {published data only}
    1. Haribhakti PB.Beclomethasone dipropionate. A new topical corticosteroid. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 1973;39(6):272-5. - PubMed
Harman 1972 {published data only}
    1. Harman RR, Mathews CN, Jensen NE, MacConnell LE.Clinical trial of fluclorolone acetonide, a new topical steroid. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1972;26(5):223-5. - PubMed
Helander 1982 {published data only}
    1. Helander I.Treatment of flexural eczema. A double blind study to compare the efficacy of hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 0.1% cream (Locoid) with that of betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1% cream (Celestroderm). Clinical Trials Journal 1982;19(5 ):269-74.
Hersle 1982 {published data only}
    1. Hersle K, Mobacken H.Once daily application of diflorasone diacetate ointment compared with betamethasone valerate ointment twice daily in patients with eczematous dermatoses. Journal of International Medical Research 1982;10(6):423-5. - PubMed
Ishibashi 1987 {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Harada S, Kukita A, Ishihara M, Niimura M, Tamaki K, et al.A study on the clinical utility of alclometasone dipropionate (s-3460) ointment: a bilateral-paired comparison study on oozing eczema-dermatitis, lichenified eczema-dermatitis, psoriasis, acute prurigo and subacute/chronic prurigo. Rinsho Iyaku [Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines] 1987;3(1):65-88.
Ishibashi 1989a {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Takeda K, Harada S, Niimura M, Shimao S, Tamaki K.Evaluation of clinical usefulness of deprodone propionate tape in lichenified eczema-dermatitis group, psoriasis vulgaris and prurigo group: a bilateral-paired comparison study with fludroxycortide tape. Rinsho Iyaku [Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines] 1989;5(9):1947-66.
Ishibashi 1989b {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Takeda K, Harada S, Niimura M, Shimao S, Tamaki K.Evaluation of utility of 0.3% deprodone propionate ointment and cream on exudative eczema-dermatitis group, lichenified eczema-dermatitis group and psoriasis vulgaris: a bilateral-paired comparison study vs 0.12% betamethasone 17-valerate ointment and cream. Rinsho Iyaku [Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines] 1989;5(9):1915-46.
Ishibashi 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ishibashi Y, Okawara A, Harada S, Niimura M, Kawashima M, Imamura S, et al.Clinical utility of 0.1% TS-410 ointment and cream: bilateral-paired comparison study with 0.12% betamethasone 17-valerate. Rinsho Iyaku [Journal of Clinical Therapeutics and Medicines] 1995;11(10):2179-211.
Jablonska 1979 {published data only}
    1. Jablonska S, Groniowska M, Dabroswki J.Comparative evaluation of skin atrophy in man induced by topical corticoids. British Journal of Dermatology 1979;100(2):193-206. - PubMed
Jaffe 1974 {published data only}
    1. Jaffe MO, Alt TH.Fluocinonide cream. In a variety of dermatoses. Minnesota Medicine 1974;57(12):953-4. - PubMed
Jardim 1981 {published data only}
    1. Jardim ML, De Carvalho SM, De Azevedo Mota G.Double blind comparative study between hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and fluorandrenolide in patients with eczema and psoriasis. Folha Medica 1981;82(4):427-8.
Jegasothy 1985 {published data only}
    1. Jegasothy B, Jacobson C, Levine N, Millikan L, Olsen E, Pinnell S, et al.Clobetasol propionate versus fluocinonide creams in psoriasis and eczema. International Journal of Dermatology 1985;24(7):461-5. - PubMed
Jorizzo 1997 {published data only}
    1. Jorizzo JL, Magee K, Stewart DM, Lebwohl MG, Rajagopalan R, Brown JJ.Clobetasol propionate emollient 0.05 percent: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis safety and four-week clinical efficacy results in plaque-type psoriasis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1997;60(1):55-60. - PubMed
JPRN‐UMIN000005158 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000005158.Randomized controlled trial to evaluate clinical efficacy of once- or twice-daily skincare with emollient for prevention of atopic dermatitis exacerbation.upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000005803 (first received on 1 March 2011).
JPRN‐UMIN000008726 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000008726.A pilot study to investigate protective effects of a hydrogel dressing product from excerbation of atopic dermatitis.upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/icdr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000010252 (first received 20 August 2012).
JPRN‐UMIN000009864 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000009864.Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the clinical efficacy of once- or twice-daily showering for prevention of atopic eczema exacerbation.upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000011487 (first received 24 January 2013).
JPRN‐UMIN000010009 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000010009.Study to evaluate the efficacy of conventional topical therapy for atopic dermatitis based on filaggrin-gene mutations.upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000008836 (first received 11 February 2013).
JPRN‐UMIN000010299 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000010299.The effect of the recurrence of atopic dermatitis by external steroid ointment.www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN-UMIN000010299 (accessed before 12 August 2021).
JPRN‐UMIN000025722 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000025722.A clinical trial of the effects and safety of ra76 cream on remission maintenance of atopic dermatitis.upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000029597 (first received 18 January 2017).
Juhlin 1996 {published data only}
    1. Juhlin L.Comparison of fluticasone propionate cream, 0.05%, and hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cream, 0.1%, in the treatment of eczema. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1996;57 Suppl 2:51-6. - PubMed
Kassis 1982 {published data only}
    1. Kassis V, Sondergaard J.Local treatment of non-infected bilateral eczema with Locoid and Celestoderm: a double-blind comparison. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1982;31(3 II):446-50.
Katsambas 1986 {published data only}
    1. Katsambas A, Manolakou P, Stavropoulos P, Stratigos I.Comparative study of two ointments containing 0.1% betamethasone valerate or 0.1% domoprednate for treatment of acute skin diseases. Advances in Therapy 1986;3(3):157-62.
Kejda 1984 {published data only}
    1. Kejda J.Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate and hydrocortisone acetate. Comparison in chronic eczema. Dermatologische Monatsschrift 1984;170(7 ):448-52. - PubMed
Kimmelman 1975 {published data only}
    1. Kimmelman J, Miedler L.Patient acceptance of an improved 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide cream. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1975;16(1):162, 167-9.
Klaschka 1989 {published data only}
    1. Klaschka F, Nagel C.Amciderm (R) - a new potent glucocorticosteroid - comparison of the efficacy of Amciderm (R) lotion and fluocorticolonpivalate/capronate milk [Amciderm (R) - ein neues potentes Glukokortikosteroid. Wirkungsvergleich von Amciderm (R)-lotio und fluocortolon-milch]. Aktuelle Dermatologie 1989;15(8):261-4.
Konzelmann 1983 {published data only}
    1. Konzelmann M, Harms M.Diflorasone diacetate cream compared to betamethasone dipropionate cream in the treatment of eczemas. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 1983;72(20):709-11. - PubMed
Kowarz‐Sokolowska 1969 {published data only}
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Kuokkanen 1974 {published data only}
    1. Kuokkanen K.Treatment of psoriasis and eczematous dermatoses. A comparison of betamethasone 17,21 dipropionate (Diprosone) with fluocinolone acetonide. Clinical Trials Journal 1974;11(4):140-2.
Laakso 1981 {published data only}
    1. Laakso L.0.1% desonide cream (Apolar(Reg.trademark)) and 0.1% hydrocortisone butyrate cream (Locoid(Reg.trademark)) in topical eczemas: a double blind, randomized study. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1981;30(1):19-26.
Lassus 1979 {published data only}
    1. Lassus A.Clobetasone butyrate and hydrocortisone butyrate in the treatment of eczema: a double-blind comparison. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1979;6(3):165-7. - PubMed
Lassus 1981 {published data only}
    1. Lassus A, Salde L.A double blind comparison of two topical steroids in psoriasis and eczemas: budesonide 0.025% ointment and betamethasone 17 valerate 0.1% ointment. Pharmatherapeutica 1981;2(10):668-72.
Lassus 1984 {published data only}
    1. Lassus A.Alclometasone dipropionate cream 0.05% versus clobetasone butyrate cream 0.05%. A controlled clinical comparison in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. International Journal of Dermatology 1984;23(8):565-6. - PubMed
Lawless 1978 {published data only}
    1. Lawless JF, Stubbs SS.Comparative efficacy of once-a-day diflorasone diacetate and t.i.d. hydrocortisone in treating eczematous dermatitis. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1978;23(2):159.
Leeming 1974 {published data only}
    1. Leeming JA, Bor S.Treatment of psoriasis and other steroid responsive dermatoses. Trial of a new topical corticosteroid, betamethasone dipropionate (Diprosone). Clinical Trials 1974;11(1):18-20.
Leibsohn 1974 {published data only}
    1. Leibsohn E, Bagatell FK.Halcinonide in the treatment of corticosteroid responsive dermatoses. British Journal of Dermatology 1974;90(4):435-40. - PubMed
Lessard 1980 {published data only}
    1. Lessard R, Labelle JL.Evaluation of desoximetasone 0.25% emollient cream in atopic dermatitis. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1980;27(2):247-54.
Levy 1974 {published data only}
    1. Levy J, Highly Jr FM.Double blind trial of a new topical corticosteroid in a US naval hospital. Military Medicine 1974;139(9):728-30.
Lewis 1978 {published data only}
    1. Lewis MB.A double-blind controlled evaluation of Diprosone cream 0.05% in comparison with Synalar cream 0.01% in the treatment of psoriasis and other steroid responsive dermatoses. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 1978;19(2):72-3. - PubMed
Liu 2002 {published data only}
    1. Liu YS, Ma L, You LP, Xin H, Yang DQ, Li YL.Study on microbes on skin lesions and a controlled topical treatment trial in atopic dermatitis. Chinese Journal of Dermatology 2002;35(6):472-4.
Loeffler 1976 {published data only}
    1. Loeffler A, Baines A.Clinical trial with a new topical corticosteroid diflucortolone valerate in 1191 dermatological patients. Pharmatherapeutica 1976;1(5):305-18.
Lowy 1977 {published data only}
    1. Lowy G.A double-blind and comparative study with amcinonide and betamethasone valerate in the treatment of diverse skin disorders. Folha Medica 1977;75(4):435-9.
Lundell 1974 {published data only}
    1. Lundell ER, Koch E.A new corticosteroid preparation tested in a double blind trial. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmedizin 1974;50(10):463-6. - PubMed
Lundell 1975 {published data only}
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MacDonald 1974 {published data only}
    1. MacDonald A, Fry L.Letter: Preliminary trial of desonide, a new topical corticosteroid. British Journal of Dermatology 1974;90(4):470-1. - PubMed
Mackey 1974 {published data only}
    1. Mackey JP.A double-blind clinical study of bufexamac and fluocinolone acetonide in dermatitis. Journal of the Irish Medical Association 1974;67(8):214-6. - PubMed
Mackey 1977 {published data only}
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Majerus 1986 {published data only}
    1. Majerus JP, Reiffers-Mettelock J.Sicorten: a synthetic corticosteroid for topical treatment of common dermatoses. Journal of International Medical Research 1986;14(1):46-9. - PubMed
Manusov 1974 {published data only}
    1. Manusov P, Van NF, Vinks P, Van ZE.A double blind trial with two corticoid preparations (skin salves) in eczematous skin complaints. Folha Medica 1974;69(5):581-3.
Marchetti 1972 {published data only}
    1. Marchetti M, Bonollo L, Nicolis FB.Evaluation of topical steroids by simultaneous application of different treatments in patients with psoriasis and eczema. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 1972;111(1 CNO - CN-00487876):24-34. - PubMed
Marks 1973 {published data only}
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Mattelaer 1978 {published data only}
    1. Mattelaer G.Double-blind comparison of betamethasone dipropionate and hydrocortisone butyrate creams in the treatment of steroid-responsive dermatoses. Pharmatherapeutica 1978;2(1):35-45.
Mauracher 1983 {published data only}
    1. Mauracher E, Blum G, Kropfli P.Bethamethasone dipropionate glycol ointment versus clobetasol propionate ointment: a multicentre trial in patients with resistant psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Acta Therapeutica 1983;9(2):197-207.
McKenna 2006 {published data only}
    1. McKenna SP, Whalley D, Prost Y, Staab D, Huels J, Paul CF, et al.Treatment of paediatric atopic dermatitis with pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981): impact on quality of life and health-related quality of life. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2006;20(3):248-54. - PubMed
Medansky 1972 {published data only}
    1. Medansky RS, Handler RM.New steroid aerosol in dermatoses: a double-blind, multicentric analysis. Southern Medical Journal 1972;65(7):855-8. - PubMed
Medansky 1976 {published data only}
    1. Medansky RS, Handler RH.Analysis of a new highly active corticosteroid. Illinois Medical Journal 1976;149(6):541-2, 547. - PubMed
Meenan 1972 {published data only}
    1. Meenan FO.Metosyn--a new steroid for topical use. Journal of the Irish Medical Association 1972;65(4):89-90. - PubMed
Melichar 1979 {published data only}
    1. Melichar M, Viktorinova M, Hyblova R.Clinical evaluation of dermatologic external preparations. II. External preparations with corticoids. 1. Influence of triamcinolone acetonide concentration on therapeutic effect. Cesko-Slovenska Dermatologie 1979;54(2):73-8. - PubMed
Meyer 1975 {published data only}
    1. Meyer Rohn J.Clinical experiences with a new steroid for topical use. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1975;50 Suppl 2:3-6. - PubMed
Miura 1978 {published data only}
    1. Miura Y, Kaneko F, Gushiken H, Shiratori A, Itoh S, Katabira Y, et al.Double-blind controlled study on the efficacy of topical diflucortolone valerate. Rinsho Hyoka [Clinical Evaluation] 1978;6(3):379-409.
Moreno 1977 {published data only}
    1. Moreno TR, Canas TR, Mestre JM.Topical treatment of exzema with flupamesone (Flutenal); a double-blind comparison with bethamethasone-17-valerate (method of simultaneous symmetrical paired comparisons). Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1977;21(2):183-6. - PubMed
Morley 1976 {published data only}
    1. Morley N, Fry L, Walker S.Clinical evaluation of clobetasone butyrate in the treatment of children with atopic eczema, and its effect on plasma corticosteroid levels. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1976;4(3):223-8. - PubMed
Morresi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Morresi A, Simonacci M, Mozzicafreddo G, Giacchetti A, Criante P, Mambelli V, et al.Alclometasone dipropionate (Legederm (R)) in the treatment of steroid-sensitive skin diseases in geriatric patients [Alclometasone dipropionato (Legederm (R)) nel trattamento delle dermatosi steroido-sensibili dell'anziano]. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 1990;125(6):XXIII-VII. - PubMed
Mudaliyar 2020 {published data only}
    1. Mudaliyar VR, Pathak A, Dixit A, KumarSS.An open-label prospective study to compare the efficacy and safety of topical fluticasone versus tacrolimus in the proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis. Dermatology Practical & Conceptual 2020;10(4):e2020094. - PMC - PubMed
Munro 1977 {published data only}
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Nagreh 1988 {published data only}
    1. Nagreh DS.Clinical trial of Egocort 1% cream. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 1988;29(1):47-51. - PubMed
Nakagawa 1998 {published data only}
    1. Nakagawa H.Comparative study of FK506 (tacrolimus) ointment vs alclometasone dipropionate ointment in atopic dermatitis (face and neck lesions) Abstract 1266. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998;110(4):683 .
Natarajan 1974 {published data only}
    1. Natarajan M.A comparative clinical trial of desoxymethasone in the treatment of eczematous conditions. Indian Practitioner 1974;27(11):525-32.
NCT00106496 {published data only}
    1. NCT00106496.A multi-center study of short and long-term use of protopic ointment in patients with atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00106496 (first received 28 March 2005).
NCT00119158 {published data only}
    1. NCT00119158.Combination therapy for atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00119158 (first received 13 July 2005).
NCT00121316 {published data only}
    1. NCT00121316.Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% in mild to moderate head and neck atopic dermatitis (AD) patients.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00121316 (first received 21 July 2005).
NCT00121381 {published data only}
    1. NCT00121381.Pimecrolimus cream 1% plus topical corticosteroid in patients (2-17 years of age) with severe atopic dermatitis.www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00121381 (first received 21 July 2005).
NCT00130364 {published data only}
    1. NCT00130364.Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% in patients (2 to 11 years old) with mild to moderate facial atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00130364 (first received 15 August 2005).
NCT00576238 {published data only}
    1. NCT00576238.Skin tolerance study of betamethasone creams in atopic eczema and the preventative properties of a moisturiser.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00576238 (first received 19 December 2007).
NCT00689832 {published data only}
    1. NCT00689832.Protopic ointment in children atopic eczema.ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00689832 (first received 4 June 2008).
NCT00690105 {published data only}
    1. NCT00690105.Protopic ointment in adult atopic eczema of the face.ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00690105 (first received 4 June 2008).
NCT00828412 {published data only}
    1. NCT00828412.Comparison of the efficacy and safety of two topical creams for pediatric atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00828412 (first received 26 January 2009).
NCT00980135 {published data only}
    1. NCT00980135.Sinecort pilot efficacy study.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00980135 (first received 18 September 2009).
NCT01020994 {published data only}
    1. NCT01020994.Efficacy and safety of LAS41003 in the treatment of superficial infected eczema.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01020994 (first received 26 November 2009).
NCT01119313 {published data only}
    1. NCT01119313.Study to investigate skin conditions and patient assessment of LAS 41002 in the treatment of atopic eczema.ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01119313 (first received 7 May 2010).
NCT01691209 {published data only}
    1. NCT01691209.Efficacy/safety study to explore a new topical formulation in atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01691209 (first received 24 September 2012).
NCT02732314 {published data only}
    1. NCT02732314.Efficacy and tolerability of new topical formulations in subjects with atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02732314 (first received 8 April 2016).
NCT03050294 {published data only}
    1. NCT03050294.Evaluating treatment resistant dermatitis TaroIIR.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03050294 (first received 10 February 2017).
NCT03386032 {published data only}
    1. NCT03386032.8-week atopic dermatitis (AD) treatment study.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03386032 (first received 29 December 2017).
NCT04194814 {published data only}
    1. NCT04194814.Skin biomarkers for atopic eczema therapy evaluation (SMART).clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04194814 (first received 11 December 2019).
NCT04271007 {published data only}
    1. NCT04271007.Comparative study: Topison (mometasone furoate) versus two others mometasone furoates.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04271007 (first received 17 February 2020).
Neering 1972 {published data only}
    1. Neering H, Van der Kroon HV, Roeleveld CG.Treatment of localized skin lesions with betamethasone 17-valerate and triamcinolone acetonide in alcoholic solution under occlusive dressing. A double blind comparative study. Dermatologica 1972;145(6):395-9. - PubMed
Neumann 1971 {published data only}
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    1. Nicholls JT.A multicentre trial of "Metosyn"--a new topical steroid in a complex two phase base. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1972;14(5):259-63. - PubMed
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    1. Nierman MM.Safety and efficacy of clocortolone pivalate 0.1 percent cream in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis. Cutis; Cutaneous Medicine for the Practitioner 1981;27(6):670-1. - PubMed
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Nolting 1985 {published data only}
    1. Nolting S.Treatment with topical corticosteroids in severe or resistant dermatoses. Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt. Occupation and Environment 1985;33(4):140-4. - PubMed
Nordwall 1974 {published data only}
    1. Nordwall C.Local treatment of psoriasis and eczema with betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate (Diproderm cream): a double-blind comparison with fluocortolone caproate, fluocortolone pivalate (Ultralanum cream). Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1974;16(8):798-803. - PubMed
Nurmukhambetov 2020 {published data only}
    1. Nurmukhambetov Z, Ibrayeva T, Nurmukhambetov A, Bazarbekov Y.Optimization of the treatment of chronic eczema in the elderly. International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences 2020;9(2):91-5.
Pala 1982 {published data only}
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Palmerio 1977 {published data only}
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Peltonen 1984 {published data only}
    1. Peltonen L, Solberg VM.A comparison of 0.1% hydrocortisone cream (Milliderm 0.1% A.L.) and 1% hydrocortisone cream (Hydrocortison 1% Orion) in patients with non-infected eczemas. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 1984;35(1):78-82.
Pfitzer 1971 {published data only}
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Planitz 1993 {published data only}
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Polano 1973 {published data only}
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Puccinelli 1983 {published data only}
    1. Puccinelli V, Calcinati M, Contini D, Rosati EC.Therapeutic activity of a new corticosteroid, cyclomethasone, in topical dermatologic therapy. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 1983;118(1):XV-XIX. - PubMed
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Ramelet 1982 {published data only}
    1. Ramelet AA, Mauracher E.Treatment of resistant steroid-responsive dermatoses. A comparison of Diprolene and Neriforte. Clinical Trials Journal 1982;19(5):298-307.
Rampini 1977 {published data only}
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Reckers 1976 {published data only}
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Reckers 1977 {published data only}
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Rocha 1976 {published data only}
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Rodriguez 1977 {published data only}
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Roessel 1977 {published data only}
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Rosenberg 1979 {published data only}
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Salavec 2004 {published data only}
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Sanchez 1978 {published data only}
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Sarkany 1971 {published data only}
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Schachner 1998 {published data only}
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Scherwitz 1980 {published data only}
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Schmidt 1984 {published data only}
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Schmidt 1987 {published data only}
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Schmitz 1982a {published data only}
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Schmitz 1982b {published data only}
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Sefton 1983 {published data only}
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Sehgal 1991 {published data only}
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Silverman 1979 {published data only}
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Singh 1973 {published data only}
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Tollofsrud 1974 {published data only}
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Torok 2003 {published data only}
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Traulsen 1997 {published data only}
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Turnbull 1975 {published data only}
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Van Leent 1999 {published data only}
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Van Zuiden 1978 {published data only}
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Vollum 1979 {published data only}
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Walsh 1989 {published data only}
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Wang 1995 {published data only}
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Wang 1997 {published data only}
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Wang 2003 {published data only}
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Wang 2011 {published data only}
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Zuccati 1982 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Adam 1978 {published data only}
    1. AdamBA.An open clinical trial comparing (paired comparisons) desoximetasone with betamethasone 17-valerate. Medical Journal of Malaysia 1978;32(4):302-3. - PubMed
Albrecht 1986 {published data only}
    1. Albrecht G.The Berlin Model. A multicenter study of prednicarbate in various vehicles. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1986;61 Suppl 1:88-96. - PubMed
Arakawa 1990 {published data only}
    1. Arakawa K.Comparative clinical study of Methaderm cream vs 0.1% diflucortolone 21-valerate universal cream on psoriasis, chronic eczema and atopic dermatitis. Kiso to Rinsho [The Clinical Report] 1990;24(2):779-91.
Atmanoglu 1989 {published data only}
    1. Atmanoglu N, Taser FF.A clinical trial with topical diflucortolone valerate. Turkderm Deri Hastaliklari ve Frengi Arsivi 1989;23(1-2):35-8.
EUCTR2004‐004052‐39 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2004-004052-39 [Korttidsvækst hos børn med atopisk dermatitis behandlet med tacrolimus og hydrokortison-17-butyrat].www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/search?query=eudract_number:200... (first received 28 October 2004).
EUCTR2007‐002182‐12‐GB {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2007-002182-12-GB.A single center, single-blind, parallel group clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of W0153 vs. standard moisturizer in the maintenance of patients with atopic dermatitis.www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2007-002182-12/GB (first received 30 May 2007).
EUCTR2016‐004542‐28‐NL {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2016-004542-28-NL.Efficacy of topical coal tar in children with atopic dermatitis [Een gerandomiseerd pilot onderzoek naar de effectiviteit van koolteerzalven in vergelijking met topicale corticosteroïden bij kinderen van 1 tot <16 jaar met matig tot ernstig constitutioneel eczeem].www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2016-004542-28/NL (first received 25 January 2017).
EUCTR2016‐004687‐19‐NL {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2016-004687-19-NL.Additional effect of topical coal tar in adults with atopic dermatitis [Een gerandomiseerd onderzoek naar de effectiviteit van aanvullende behandeling met koolteerzalven aan behandeling middels topicale corticosteroïden bij patiënten >16 jaar met matig tot ernstig constitutioneel eczeem].www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2016-004687-19/NL (first received 25 January 2017).
Gomes 1980 {published data only}
    1. Gomes Dias MG, Fidalgo Verde SM.Brief (3-week) clinical trial of halcinonide in 31 patients with eczematous dermitis, neurodermitis and atopic dermitis. Medicina Toracica 1980;3(1):335-8.
GSK 1995 {unpublished data only}
    1. GSK.A four week multicentre, double blind study to compare safety and efficacy with an OD and BD administration of fluticasone propionate 0.005% ointment in the treatment of atopic eczema. Report 135L, Protocol No. GL/FLT/002.
Haque 2000 {published data only}
    1. Haque MM, Huda MN, Ali CM, Al-Mamun S, Hassan T.Clobetasol propionate and clobetasone butyrate in the treatment of eczema - a double-blind comparison. Bangladesh Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology 2000;17(1):5-8.
Jia 1998 {published data only}
    1. Jia H, Liu XQ, Lin L, Cui PG, Li HZ.A randomised controlled trial of 0.1% eloson versus 0.1% triamcinolone cream in the treatment of psoriasis and eczema. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 1998;27(2 CNO - CN-00454350):108-9.
JPRN‐UMIN000006955 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000006955.The effect of proactive therapy with tacrolimus and betamethasone butyrate on atopic dermatitis: randomized placebo-controlled study.upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr.cgi?function=brows&action=brows&t... (first received 26 December 2011).
JPRN‐UMIN000022212 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000022212.A clinical trial of the effects of topical steroid cream (PVA-N11) on atopic dermatitis.www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01839267/full.
Kamimura 1976 {published data only}
    1. Kamimura M, Takahashi M, Shiratori A, Itoh S, Miura Y, Mizumoto T, et al.A double-blind controlled study on the clinical efficacy of topical clobetasol 17-propionate. Rinsho Hyoka [Clinical Evaluation] 1976;4(3):507-48.
Kaminsky 1962 {published data only}
    1. Kaminsky A, Rosales H.Therapeutic trial: 6-alpha-fluor-dexamethasone trimethylacetate ester. Its local anti-inflammatory effect. Dia Medico 1962;34:1614-6. - PubMed
Kukita 1981 {published data only}
    1. Kukita A, Shiratori A, Miura Y, Saruta M, Katabira Y, Hanada K, et al.Double-blind controlled study on the clinical efficacy of topical prednisolone 17-valerate 21-acetate. Rinsho Hyoka [Clinical Evaluation] 1981;9(2):501-22.
Miura 1977 {published data only}
    1. Miura Y, Hamasaka K, Seiji M, Tanahashi Y, Maie O, Honda M, et al.A double-blind controlled study on the clinical utility of topical fluocortolone. Rinsho Hyoka [Clinical Evaluation] 1977;5(3):597-632.
NCT01826461 {published data only}
    1. NCT01826461.An evaluation of PDI-192 0.1% in comparison to PDI-192 0.15% in the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01826461 (first received 8 April 2013).
NCT02153762 {published data only}
    1. NCT02153762.Treatment of atopic dermatitis with different orders of application of Locoid lotion and Hylatopic Plus cream.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02153762 (first received 3 June 2014).
Odeh 1977 {published data only}
    1. Odeh F.Clinical trials with clobetasol propionate and betamethasone dipropionate. Castellania Dermatologie und Tropenmedizin 1977;5(12):235-9.
Salo 1976 {published data only}
    1. Salo OP, Hannuksela M.A double blind comparison of two topical corticosteroids in the treatment of eczema. IRCS Medical Science: Biochemistry 1976;4(11):533.
Yasuda 1974 {published data only}
    1. Yasuda T, Takagi A, Fukui K, Miura Y, Kukita A, Yamada K, et al.A double-blind controlled study on the clinical efficacy of topical betamethasone 17, 21-dipropionate. Rinsho Hyoka [Clinical Evaluation] 1974;2(2):271-97.

References to ongoing studies

EUCTR2005‐003806‐27‐GB {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2005-003806-27-GB.Is potent topical corticosteroid ointment covered by a plastic film dressing more effective than using potent corticosteroid ointment alone in children with atopic dermatitis?www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2005-003806-27/GB (first received 12 August 2005).
JPRN‐UMIN000028043 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000028043.Prevention of allergy via cutaneous intervention (PACI) study [Early aggressive intervention for infantile atopic dermatitis to prevent development of food allergy: a multicenter, investigator-blinded, randomized, parallel group controlled trial].upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000031912 (first received 3 July 2017).
JPRN‐UMIN000031979 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000031979.Proactive management with topical corticosteroids ointment in pediatric atopic dermatitis: superiority to rank-down therapy.www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01902932/full.
    1. jRCTs031190047.Proactive management with topical corticosteroids ointment in pediatric atopic dermatitis: superiority to rank-down therapy (Anticipate study).rctportal.niph.go.jp/en/detail?trial_id=jRCTs031190047 (first received June 2019).
NCT03742414 {published data only}
    1. NCT03742414.Seal, stopping atopic dermatitis and allergy study.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03742414 (first received 15 November 2018).
NCT04615962 {published data only}
    1. NCT04615962.Topical cream SNG100 for treatment in moderate atopic dermatitis subjects.ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04615962 (first received 4 November 2020).
Van Halewijn 2018 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2017-001525-40-NL.Effectiveness of different strengths of hormone cream: providing evidence for a better treatment strategy in children with eczema in general practice [Effectiviteit van verschillende sterktes lokale steroïden: bewijs leveren voor een betere behandelingsstrategie bij kinderen met atopische dermatitis in de huisartspraktijk].www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2017-001525-40/NL (first received 30 May 2017).
    1. NTR6679.Effectiveness of different strengths of topical steroids in children with eczema in general practice.www.trialregister.nl/trial/6492 (first received 30 August 2017).
    1. Van Halewijn KF, Bohnen AM, Van den Berg PJ, Pasmans SG, Bindels PJ, Elshout G.Different potencies of topical corticosteroids for a better treatment strategy in children with atopic dermatitis (The Rotterdam Eczema study): protocol for an observational cohort study with an embedded randomised open-label controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(6):e027239. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Van Halewijn KF, Bohnen AM, Van den Berg PJ, Pasmans SG, Bindels PJ, Elshout G.Different potencies of topical steroids for children with eczema: protocol for an observational cohort study with embedded randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2018;179(1):e55.

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References to other published versions of this review

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