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.2022 Mar 9;12(1):2803.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06579-9.

Efficacy of antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens

Affiliations

Efficacy of antimicrobial and anti-viral coated air filters to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens

Rowan Watson et al. Sci Rep..

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the real need for mechanisms to control the spread of airborne respiratory pathogens. Thus, preventing the spread of disease from pathogens has come to the forefront of the public consciousness. This has brought an increasing demand for novel technologies to prioritise clean air. In this study we report on the efficacy of novel biocide treated filters and their antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses. The antimicrobial filters reported here are shown to kill pathogens, such as Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and MRSA in under 15 min and to destroy SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in under 30 s following contact with the filter. Through air flow rate testing, light microscopy and SEM, the filters are shown to maintain their structure and filtration function. Further to this, the filters are shown to be extremely durable and to maintain antimicrobial activity throughout the operational lifetime of the product. Lastly, the filters have been tested in field trials onboard the UK rail network, showing excellent efficacy in reducing the burden of microbial species colonising the air conditioning system.

© 2022. The Author(s).

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Conflict of interest statement

Author Felicity de Cogan is the founder of NitroPep Ltd. NitroPep Ltd provided materials for testing as described in the manuscript. All other authors have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Characterisation of CHDG treated filters. (a) Light microscopy of an MK3 filter at ×3.5 magnification. Image is representative of all images, scale bar 1000 μm. (b) Light microscopy of treated antimicrobial filter at ×3.5 magnification. Image is representative of all images, scale bar 1000 μm. (c) Light microscopy of an MK3 filter at ×64 magnification. Image is representative of all images, scale bar 200 μm. (d) Light microscopy of treated antimicrobial filter at ×64 magnification. Image is representative of all images, scale bar 200 μm. (e) low magnification SEM images of MK3 filter, image is representative of all images, scale bar 100 μm (f) SEM images of antimicrobial filter, image is representative of all images, scale bar 100 μm (g) Graph shows the average rate of air flow through standard and antimicrobial filters, n = 12, error bars show standard error of the mean. (h) Graph shows the average fibre diameter of untreated and treated filters, measured from SEM images, n = 51, error bars show standard error of the mean.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Characterisation of CHDG treated filters by ToF SIMS. (a) ToF SIMS of an untreated MK3 filter. Image is representative of all images, scale bar 1000 μm. (b) ToF SIMS of a treated MK3 filter. Image is representative of all images. (c) Graph shows the average ion intensity for control and treated filters, n = 4, error bars show standard error of the mean, ** denote statistical significance p < 0.01.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Antimicrobial efficacy of filters. (a) Time course showingE. coli survival at different time points following incubation on untreated and CHDG treated MK3 filters. *** denotes statistical significance < 0.001, n = 9. Error bars show standard error of the mean. (b) Time course showing MRSA survival at different time points following incubation on untreated and CHDG treated MK3 filters. *** denotes statistical significance < 0.001, n = 9. Error bars show standard error of the mean. (c) Time course showingC. albicans survival at different time points following incubation on untreated and CHDG treated MK3 filters. *** denotes statistical significance < 0.001, n = 9. Error bars show standard error of the mean.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Antiviral efficacy of filters. (a) Time course showing SARS-CoV-2 inactivation at different time points following incubation on untreated and CHDG treated MK3 filters. *** denotes statistical significance < 0.001, n = 9) (b) Effect of filters on viability of Vero cells per field of view. 6 fields of view per well. Wells analysed in triplicate. n = 2. Error bars show standard error of the mean. ***p < 0.0005.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Filter durability. (a) Mean concentration of chlorhexidine leached from the filters over time and the concentration of chlorhexidine remaining in the filter at the end of durability testing measured using an absorbance assay. Error bars show standard error of the mean, n = 9, *** denotes statistical significance p < 0.001. (b) Mean bacterial survival after incubation in chlorhexidine extract from durability filter test measured in (a). Error bars show standard error of the mean, n = 9, *** denotes statistical significance p < 0.001. (c) Antimicrobial efficacy of filters before and after durability testing againstE. coli. Error bars show standard error of the mean, n = 9, *** denotes statistical significance p < 0.001. (d) Antiviral efficacy of filters before and after durability testing against SARS-CoV-2. Error bars show standard error of the mean, n = 9, *** denotes statistical significance p < 0.001.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Characterisation of filters following aging. (a) SEM images of antimicrobial treated filter, image is representative of all images, scale bar 100 μm. (b) SEM images of antimicrobial filter after ageing, image is representative of all images, scale bar 100 μm. (c) ToF SIMS of a treated filter. Image is representative of all images, scale bar 50 μm. (d) ToF SIMS of an antimicrobial treated and aged filter. Image is representative of all images, scale bar 50 μm. (e) Graph shows the average ion intensity for treated filters before and after ageing, n = 4, error bars show standard error of the mean.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Efficacy of filters following installation on trains on the UK rail network for 3 months. Mean CFU were calculated for the entire filter based on the size of the sample filter for extraction. Error bars show standard error of the mean. ***p < 0.001, n = 3.
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