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.2021 Nov 22;11(1):22673.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02229-8.

Endophytic bacterial communities are associated with leaf mimicry in the vine Boquila trifoliolata

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Endophytic bacterial communities are associated with leaf mimicry in the vine Boquila trifoliolata

Ernesto Gianoli et al. Sci Rep..

Abstract

The mechanisms behind the unique capacity of the vine Boquila trifoliolata to mimic the leaves of several tree species remain unknown. A hypothesis in the original leaf mimicry report considered that microbial vectors from trees could carry genes or epigenetic factors that would alter the expression of leaf traits in Boquila. Here we evaluated whether leaf endophytic bacterial communities are associated with the mimicry pattern. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we compared the endophytic bacterial communities in three groups of leaves collected in a temperate rainforest: (1) leaves from the model tree Rhaphithamnus spinosus (RS), (2) Boquila leaves mimicking the tree leaves (BR), and (3) Boquila leaves from the same individual vine but not mimicking the tree leaves (BT). We hypothesized that bacterial communities would be more similar in the BR-RS comparison than in the BT-RS comparison. We found significant differences in the endophytic bacterial communities among the three groups, verifying the hypothesis. Whereas non-mimetic Boquila leaves and tree leaves (BT-RS) showed clearly different bacterial communities, mimetic Boquila leaves and tree leaves (BR-RS) showed an overlap concerning their bacterial communities. The role of bacteria in this unique case of leaf mimicry should be studied further.

© 2021. The Author(s).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
One of the five sets of leaf samples collected in the field in associations between the model treeRhaphithamnus spinosus and the vineBoquila trifoliolata. RS = two leaves fromR. spinosus [sky blue triangle], BR = a singleBoquila leaf—composed of three leaflets—mimicking the tree leaves [orange square], and BT = a singleBoquila leaf from the same individual vine but not mimicking the tree leaves [purple rhombus]. Inset: field picture showing leaf mimicry ofR.spinosus [sky blue arrow] byBoquila [orange arrow] (photo credit: E. Gianoli). Note that leaf mimicry is accomplished for both ovate leaves (study samples) and cordate-lobed leaves (inset) of the tree. For other cases ofBoquila mimickingR.spinosus see,.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Venn diagram showing the number of unique and shared bacterial OTUs among field-collected leaf samples from the association between the model treeRhaphithamnus spinosus and the mimetic vineBoquila trifoliolata. Groups: RS = leaves fromR. spinosus [sky blue], BR = Boquila leaves mimicking the tree leaves [orange], and BT = Boquila leaves from the same individual vine but not mimicking the tree leaves [purple].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Compared community composition of endophytic bacterial communities in field-collected leaf samples from the association between the model treeRhaphithamnus spinosus and the mimetic vineBoquila trifoliolata. Groups: RS = leaves fromR. spinosus [centroid: sky blue triangle], BR = Boquila leaves mimicking the tree leaves [centroid: orange square], and BT = Boquila leaves from the same individual vine but not mimicking the tree leaves [centroid: purple rhombus]. Patterns are based on a two-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis (final stress = 0.063). Standard error ellipses show 95% confidence areas.
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