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.2021 Oct 14;16(10):e0258227.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258227. eCollection 2021.

Soil fungal community structure and seasonal diversity following application of organic amendments of different quality under maize cropping in Zimbabwe

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Soil fungal community structure and seasonal diversity following application of organic amendments of different quality under maize cropping in Zimbabwe

Tonny P Tauro et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

Recent advocacy for Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) in smallholder farming systems in east and southern Africa show substantial evidence of increased and sustained crop yields associated with enhanced soil productivity. However, the impact ISFM on soil fungi has received limited attention, yet fungi play key roles in crop growth. Following total soil DNA extraction with ZR soil microbe miniprep kit, illumina sequencing was used to, examine the fungal communities (ITS1F) under a maize crop following co-application of organic nutrient resources including Crotalaria juncea, cattle manure and maize stover with inorganic fertilizers at three-time periods (T1-December, T2-January, and T3-February) in Zimbabwe. Ninety-five fungal species were identified that were assigned to Ascomycota (>90%), Basidiomycota (7%) and Zygomycota (1%). At T1, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were identified across treatments, with Ascomycota attaining > 93% frequency. Fungal succession was noted and involved reduction of Ascomycota coupled by increase in Basidiomycota under the different treatments. For example at T3, Basidiomycota increased to 34% while Ascomycota declined to 66% under manure but remained unchanged in other two organics. Pre-season mineral nitrogen (N) associated with the 'Birch effect' apparently influenced the fungal community structure at T1 while readily available fertilizer N was critical at T2 and T3. The low-quality maize stover promoted the presence of Exophiala sp SST 2011 and this was linked to N immobilization. The impact of N addition was more pronounced under medium (manure) to low-quality (maize stover) resources. Fungi required phosphorus (P) and N for survival while their proliferation was dependent on substrate availability linked to resource quality. Interactive-forward test indicated that soil available P and N were most influential (P < 0.05) factors shaping fungal communities. Co-application of medium to high quality organic and inorganic resources show promise as a sustainable entry point towards enhancing belowground fungal diversity critical in driving nutrient supply.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Rainfall distribution during the 2015/16 season at Domboshawa (total = 807 mm).
(Major events are indicated by arrows (a: co-application of organic and inorganic nutrient resources; b: 1st mineral N split; c: 2nd mineral N split; d: 3rd mineral N split) while bacterial sampling event by X which corresponded to 10, 36 and 49 days after incorporation of organic resources and basal fertilizers).
Fig 2
Fig 2. Seasonal changes in soil available P and pH at Domboshawa in 2015/16 season.
Fig 3
Fig 3
Dendrogram of the hierarchical cluster analysis indicating similarity in a) Treatments at each sampling points (Cr =crotalaria; Man = manure; Mz = maize stover; Con = control) and b) fungal species communities associated with soil samples from the three organically amended soils without N at the three-time points.
Fig 4
Fig 4
Dendrogram of the hierarchical cluster analysis indicating similarity in a) Treatments at each sampling points (Cr =crotalaria; Man = manure; Mz = maize stover; Con = control) and b) fungal species communities associated with soil samples from the three organically amended soils with N at the three-time points.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) diagrams of species, environmental variable and samples.
The direction of the vectors indicates the direction of maximum change of that variable, whereas the length of the vector represents how well the parameter explains the distribution of the data. Samples are numbered in green, external variable (avail P = soil available phosphorus, Lig% = Lignin content, N% = total N in organic amendment, pH = soil pH, Pphl% = polyphenol content, Time = season time, Tpddrng = mineral nitrogen application).
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Financial support from the University of Zimbabwe grant 91069 and International Foundation for Science (IFS) grant C/5893-1 is greatly appreciated award to TP Tauro. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish and preparation of the manuscript.

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