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Review
.2021 Jun 27;9(7):1391.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9071391.

How Do Quorum-Sensing Signals Mediate Algae-Bacteria Interactions?

Affiliations
Review

How Do Quorum-Sensing Signals Mediate Algae-Bacteria Interactions?

Lachlan Dow. Microorganisms..

Abstract

Quorum sensing (QS) describes a process by which bacteria can sense the local cell density of their own species, thus enabling them to coordinate gene expression and physiological processes on a community-wide scale. Small molecules called autoinducers or QS signals, which act as intraspecies signals, mediate quorum sensing. As our knowledge of QS has progressed, so too has our understanding of the structural diversity of QS signals, along with the diversity of bacteria conducting QS and the range of ecosystems in which QS takes place. It is now also clear that QS signals are more than just intraspecies signals. QS signals mediate interactions between species of prokaryotes, and between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In recent years, our understanding of QS signals as mediators of algae-bacteria interactions has advanced such that we are beginning to develop a mechanistic understanding of their effects. This review will summarize the recent efforts to understand how different classes of QS signals contribute to the interactions between planktonic microalgae and bacteria in our oceans, primarilyN-acyl-homoserine lactones, their degradation products of tetramic acids, and 2-alkyl-4-quinolones. In particular, this review will discuss the ways in which QS signals alter microalgae growth and metabolism, namely as direct effectors of photosynthesis, regulators of the cell cycle, and as modulators of other algicidal mechanisms. Furthermore, the contribution of QS signals to nutrient acquisition is discussed, and finally, how microalgae can modulate these small molecules to dampen their effects.

Keywords: alkyl quinolones; marine bacteria; microalgae; microbial loop; quorum-sensing signals.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Representative compounds of relevant quorum-sensing signals. 1: C10-AHL, 2: OH-C12-AHL, 3: oxo-C12-AHL, 4: tetramic acid TA12, formed by spontaneous cyclization of oxo-C12-AHL, 5: heptyl-quinolone, 6: pseudomonas quorum signal (PQS) 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-quinolone, 7: nonyl-quinolone-N-oxide, 8: 1′E-undecenyl-quinolone, 9: furanosyl borate diester, AI-2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Graphical summary of the algae–bacteria interactions dictated by quorum-sensing signals in marine planktonic systems. These QS signals can be directly algicidal, as shown in the orange sector, such as alkyl-quinolones [57] and tetramic acids [43], which inhibit growth via photosynthesis inhibition. Quinolones and tetramic acids also arrest cell-cycle activities and several other metabolic processes in microalgae [42,58]. AHL-mediated quorum sensing regulates the production of other algicidal compounds (yellow sector), such as the roseobacticide shown [64]. Quorum sensing regulates extracellular enzymatic activity in marine bacteria (blue sector), allowing these microbes to capitalize on encounters with nutrient hotspots, such as by liberating phosphates from organic molecules (blue curves with orange P) on marine particles and in phycospheres [80,84]. Research is also hinting at the ways by which microalgae interfere with quorum sensing, shown in the lilac sector [104,107]. Dotted lines represent indirect actions of QS signals, while full lines represent direct effects. EE: extracellular enzymes. Created with BioRender.com.
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