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.2021 Feb 4;14(4):731.
doi: 10.3390/ma14040731.

Biological Safety Evaluation and Surface Modification of Biocompatible Ti-15Zr-4Nb Alloy

Affiliations

Biological Safety Evaluation and Surface Modification of Biocompatible Ti-15Zr-4Nb Alloy

Yoshimitsu Okazaki et al. Materials (Basel)..

Abstract

We performed biological safety evaluation tests of three Ti-Zr alloys under accelerated extraction condition. We also conducted histopathological analysis of long-term implantation of pure V, Al, Ni, Zr, Nb, and Ta metals as well as Ni-Ti and high-V-containing Ti-15V-3Al-3Sn alloys in rats. The effect of the dental implant (screw) shape on morphometrical parameters was investigated using rabbits. Moreover, we examined the maximum pullout properties of grit-blasted Ti-Zr alloys after their implantation in rabbits. The biological safety evaluation tests of three Ti-Zr alloys (Ti-15Zr-4Nb, Ti-15Zr-4Nb-1Ta, and Ti-15Zr-4Nb-4Ta) showed no adverse (negative) effects of either normal or accelerated extraction. No bone was formed around the pure V and Ni implants. The Al, Zr, Nb, and Ni-Ti implants were surrounded by new bone. The new bone formed around Ti-Ni and high-V-containing Ti alloys tended to be thinner than that formed around Ti-Zr and Ti-6Al-4V alloys. The rate of bone formation on the threaded portion in the Ti-15Zr-4Nb-4Ta dental implant was the same as that on a smooth surface. The maximum pullout loads of the grit- and shot-blasted Ti-Zr alloys increased linearly with implantation period in rabbits. The pullout load of grit-blasted Ti-Zr alloy rods was higher than that of shot-blasted ones. The surface roughness (Ra) and area ratio of residual Al2O3 particles of the Ti-15Zr-4Nb alloy surface grit-blasted with Al2O3 particles were the same as those of the grit-blasted Alloclassic stem surface. It was clarified that the grit-blasted Ti-15Zr-4Nb alloy could be used for artificial hip joint stems.

Keywords: ISO 10993 series; Ti–15Zr–4Nb alloy; accelerated extraction; biological safety evaluation; grit blasting; maximum pullout load; morphometrical parameters; osteocompatibility.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic illustration of method of implantation into femur of rabbits.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Optical micrographs of new bone formed around pure V (a), Ni (b), Al (c), Zr (d), and Nb (e) metals and Ni–Ti alloy (f) after 52 weeks. Black shadows show implanted metals. For V, the implanted specimen was lost during the preparation of the section.
Figure 3
Figure 3
New bone formation rate (a), bone contact rate (b), and new bone thickness (c) for pure V, Ni, Al, Zr, and Nb.
Figure 4
Figure 4
New bone formation rate (a), bone contact rate (b), and new bone thickness (c) for Ti–Ni, Ti–15–3–3, Ti–6–4 [16], and Ti–15–4–4 [16].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Optical micrographs of new bone formed around Ti–15–4–4 dental implant after 2 (a), 4 (b), 12 (c), and 26 (d) weeks.
Figure 6
Figure 6
New bone formation rates for Ti–15–4–4 dental implant and Ti–15–4–4 smooth surface rods.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Maximum pullout loads after implantation in rabbits.
Figure 8
Figure 8
SEM images of grit-blasted surfaces. (a,b) Ti–15–4 alloy surface blasted with 24-grit Fuji Random WA Al2O3 particles, (c,d) Alloclassic stem surfaces blasted with 24-grit corundum Al2O3 particles, (a,c) secondary electron images, and (b,d) reflected electron images.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Changes in area ratio of residual Al2O3 and surface roughness (Ra) as functions of immersion time in hydrofluoric acid aqueous solution.
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