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Clinical Trial
.2021 Jan 22;11(1):2108.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81307-3.

Perceptual insensitivity to the modulation of interoceptive signals in depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders

Collaborators, Affiliations
Clinical Trial

Perceptual insensitivity to the modulation of interoceptive signals in depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders

Ryan Smith et al. Sci Rep..

Abstract

This study employed a series of heartbeat perception tasks to assess the hypothesis that cardiac interoceptive processing in individuals with depression/anxiety (N = 221), and substance use disorders (N = 136) is less flexible than that of healthy individuals (N = 53) in the context of physiological perturbation. Cardiac interoception was assessed via heartbeat tapping when: (1) guessing was allowed; (2) guessing was not allowed; and (3) experiencing an interoceptive perturbation (inspiratory breath hold) expected to amplify cardiac sensation. Healthy participants showed performance improvements across the three conditions, whereas those with depression/anxiety and/or substance use disorder showed minimal improvement. Machine learning analyses suggested that individual differences in these improvements were negatively related to anxiety sensitivity, but explained relatively little variance in performance. These results reveal a perceptual insensitivity to the modulation of interoceptive signals that was evident across several common psychiatric disorders, suggesting that interoceptive deficits in the realm of psychopathology manifest most prominently during states of homeostatic perturbation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Illustration of how beat-to-tap consistency was calculated as a measure of reliability in the temporal relationship between participants’ heartbeats (shown as thick black lines with heart images above them) and taps (shown as blue hands, with either positive or negative temporal distances from each heartbeat) that was uncorrelated with their heart rate. This involved first estimating the distribution of expected (standard deviation; SD) values under random tapping using a participant’s actual recorded heartbeats and actual number of responses, placed randomly (indicated below by partially transparent hand images) using a uniform distribution for the trial over large numbers of simulated trials (here n = 1000 trials). Then a participant’s actual tapping behavior was converted into a Z-score by subtracting it from the mean and dividing by the standard deviation of the estimated distribution (see main text for more details).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Exploratory Pearson correlations between beat-to-tap consistency by condition (rows), interoceptive accuracy via the standard heartbeat counting formula (counting accuracy), and other self-report and task-relevant variables across task conditions.PTTmedian pulse transit time,#HBsnumber of heartbeats during the task condition,BMIbody mass index. For reference, significant correlations at p < 0.05 (uncorrected) are marked with red asterisks.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Bar plots showing the mean and standard error of beat-to-tap consistency by condition and group. There was an interaction between task condition and group, reflecting a pattern in which beat-to-tap consistency increased from the guessing and no-guessing conditions to the breath hold condition within healthy comparisons, whereas this measure remained unchanged within the two clinical groups. The bottom right plot shows that higher anxiety sensitivity scores for physical concerns (such as uncomfortable bodily sensations) were associated with lower interoceptive modulation ability (i.e., individual slope values reflecting how beat-to-tap consistency changed from the guessing to no-guessing to breath-hold conditions).
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