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Review
.2021 Jan 1;18(2):406-418.
doi: 10.7150/ijms.47706. eCollection 2021.

DCs-based therapies: potential strategies in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Affiliations
Review

DCs-based therapies: potential strategies in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Jian Han et al. Int J Med Sci..

Abstract

Pneumonia caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading globally. There have been strenuous efforts to reveal the mechanisms that the host defends itself against invasion by this virus. The immune system could play a crucial role in virus infection. Dendritic cell as sentinel of the immune system plays an irreplaceable role. Dendritic cells-based therapeutic approach may be a potential strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, the characteristics of coronavirus are described briefly. We focus on the essential functions of dendritic cell in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Basis of treatment based dendritic cells to combat coronavirus infections is summarized. Finally, we propose that the combination of DCs based vaccine and other therapy is worth further study.

Keywords: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection; dendritic cells (DCs) vaccine; immune system response; immunotherapy; therapeutic vaccine.

© The author(s).

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
DC-mediated immune response in virus infection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Defects of DCs in CoV infection. CoV infection enables DCs to downregulate expression of MHC-I, MHC-II, and CD80/86 as well as secretion of IFN. NK cells selectively induce apoptosis in those cells that do not exhibit MHC class I expression. Lack of mature signals of DCs results in inefficiency of T cell response.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The “Fast DC” emerges and develops with the altered cytokine cocktails. A). Cultured with GM-CSF, IL-4 (1 day) and IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ Mo-driven DC subsets are able to activate Th 1 cell response. B). The population produced through GM-CSF, IL-4 (1 day) and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2(1 day) promote differentiation of CD4+ T cells towards a Th 2 cell phenotype. C). Cytokines including TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-21, IL27, TGF-β induce generation of DC subsets that promote the differentiation of Treg cell.
Figure A
Figure A
unresolved issues for DC-based antiviral therapy.
Figure 4
Figure 4
A summary of several DC-based vaccine strategies.A. The monocytes were obtained using CD14 beads isolated from blood. They then are cultured with cytokines to further derive functional DCs. After pulsing antigen these autologous DCs will be injected patient.B. There is another approach unlike described above. The Mo-DCs were obtained by extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP).C. The CD34+ isolated from UCB proliferating hematopoietic stem cells as a source of DC precursors have been developed.D. Employing a target antigen-fused anti-DC receptor antibody synthesize particles that targeted DCs in lymphoid tissues. The routes of administration include intranasal or by patch.
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