Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
Thehttps:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

NIH NLM Logo
Log inShow account info
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation
pubmed logo
Advanced Clipboard
User Guide

Full text links

Elsevier Science full text link Elsevier Science Free PMC article
Full text links

Actions

Share

Review
.2021 Mar;44(3):189-202.
doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.015. Epub 2020 Nov 20.

Peripheral Innervation in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis

Affiliations
Review

Peripheral Innervation in the Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis

Eugene E Lin et al. Trends Neurosci.2021 Mar.

Abstract

Precise regulation of circulating glucose is crucial for human health and ensures a sufficient supply to the brain, which relies almost exclusively on glucose for metabolic energy. Glucose homeostasis is coordinated by hormone-secreting endocrine cells in the pancreas, as well as glucose utilization and production in peripheral metabolic tissues including the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Glucose-regulatory tissues receive dense innervation from sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory fibers. In this review, we summarize the functions of peripheral nerves in glucose regulation and metabolism. Dynamic changes in peripheral innervation have also been observed in animal models of obesity and diabetes. Together, these studies highlight the importance of peripheral nerves as a new therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.

Keywords: autonomic; brown fat; diabetes; hormone secretion; liver; obesity; pancreatic islets; sensory; white fat.

Published by Elsevier Ltd.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:. Peripheral nerves modulate islet hormone secretion and development.
(A) Pancreatic islets of Langerhans are innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory fibers originating from celiac and mesenteric ganglia, dorsal motor vagal nuclei, and dorsal root ganglia, respectively. Sympathetic nerves act to limit insulin secretion and promote glucagon secretion, whereas parasympathetic nerves stimulate secretion of insulin and glucagon, and also influence β-cell proliferation during obesity. Sensory nerves inhibit insulin release.(B) During embryonic development, sympathetic innervation promotes endocrine cell migration from the ductal epithelium and governs islet organization through the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
Figure 2:
Figure 2:. Adipose tissue innervation regulates lipolysis, thermogenesis, and glucose homeostasis
White adipose tissue (WAT) serves as a storage depot for energy-rich triglycerides that are broken down in times of need (lipolysis), whereas brown adipose tissue (BAT) burns glucose and fat to generate heat (thermogenesis). Sympathetic nerves stimulate WAT lipolysis through the release of norepinephrine. Leptin, a WAT-derived hormone, acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to promote lipolysis, which is mediated by sympathetic efferents to WAT. Sympathetic activity also suppresses leptin release as part of a negative feedback loop. In BAT, sympathetic innervation is a key regulator of thermogenesis and promotes the uptake of excess glucose and lipids from the bloodstream. Sympathetic nerves are involved in the conversion of white adipocytes to brown or “beiging”. Sensory nerves relay information about metabolic cues from adipose tissue to the CNS, which in turn, controls sympathetic output to regulate WAT lipolysis and BAT thermogenesis.
Figure 3:
Figure 3:. Liver innervation in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
The liver receives sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. Sympathetic nerves elevate blood glucose levels by promoting glucose production (gluconeogenesis) and the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis). Conversely, parasympathetic nerves lower blood glucose levels by promoting the storage of glucose as glycogen and inhibiting gluconeogenesis. Hepatic parasympathetic innervation also modulates the insulin responsiveness of several peripheral tissues. A liver-brain-pancreas neuronal relay, consisting of afferent sensory nerves, the central nervous system, and efferent vagal nerves, promotes β-cell proliferation and enhanced insulin secretion as a compensatory response during insulin-resistant conditions of obesity and diabetes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Guariguata L et al. (2014) Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 103 (2), 137–49. - PubMed
    1. Hogan P et al. (2003) Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care 26 (3), 917–32. - PubMed
    1. Bentsen MA et al. (2019) Revisiting How the Brain Senses Glucose-And Why. Cell Metab 29 (1), 11–17. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Caicedo A (2013) Paracrine and autocrine interactions in the human islet: more than meets the eye. Semin Cell Dev Biol 24 (1), 11–21. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rodriguez-Diaz R et al. (2011) Innervation patterns of autonomic axons in the human endocrine pancreas. Cell Metab 14 (1), 45–54. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Related information

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full text links
Elsevier Science full text link Elsevier Science Free PMC article
Cite
Send To

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSHPMCBookshelfDisclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp