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.2020 Feb 4;20(1):19.
doi: 10.1186/s12862-019-1569-y.

A new macrofossil ephedroid plant with unusual bract morphology from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of northeastern China

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A new macrofossil ephedroid plant with unusual bract morphology from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of northeastern China

Yong Yang et al. BMC Evol Biol..

Abstract

Background: The evolution of the Jehol Biota of western Liaoning in China includes three phases, initiation in the Dabeigou phase, radiation in the Yixian phase, and decline in the Jiufotang phase. Numerous ephedroid macrofossils were reported from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation. However, so far none has been found in the younger Jiufotang Formation (ca. 120.3 Ma) of western Liaoning.

Results: Here we report a new species Jianchangia verticillata gen. et sp. nov. with unusual morphology from the Lower Cretaceous of the Jiufotang Formation, Lamadong Village, Jianchang County, Liaoning. This species is the first record of gnetophytes from the Jiufotang Formation. It is similar to other ephedroid species from the Yixian Formation in possessing linear leaves with parallel veins, jointed shoots with swollen nodes and longitudinally furrowed internodes, and ovulate cones possessing two whorls of bracts enclosing two chlamydosperms, but differs from all known species by the ovulate cone having multiple fine linear verticillate bracts.

Conclusions: This study expands our knowledge about the diversity of early gnetophytes in the Lower Cretaceous, and demonstrates the lineage continuity of gnetophytes from the Yixian Formation to the younger Jiufotang Formation.

Keywords: China; Diversity; Ecology; Ephedraceae; Evolution; Gnetophytes; Jiufotang Formation; Lower Cretaceous.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Type specimen ofJianchangia verticillata gen. et sp. nov. displaying the general morphology of the species.Abbreviations: in, internode; n, node; f, ovulate cone
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Morphological details ofJianchangia verticillata gen. et sp. nov.a a stem portion displaying the multiple longitudinal striations;b ovulate cones displaying the two whorls of linear bracts and the enclosed chlamydosperms;c diagram of an ovulate cone in (b) displaying structural details.Abbreviations: l, parallel-veined leaves/bracts; mt, micropylar tube; w1, the proximal whorl of bracts; w2, the distal whorl of bracts
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Reconstruction ofJianchangia verticillata gen. et sp. nov., displaying important characters.Abbreviations: c, chlamydosperms; f, ovulate cone; in, internode; n, node; w1, the proximal whorl of bracts; w2, the distal whorl of bracts
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Ovulate cones displaying variation of bracts in genera related toJianchangia gen. nov.aBeipiaoa spinosa Dilcher & al. displaying spinose bracts;bGurvanella dictyoptera Krassilov displaying a bract having many furcate veins,cEphedra torreyana S. Watson displaying obtuse bracts
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Illustrations of representative types of ovulate cones of ephedroid plants. A,Siphonospermum, reproductive shoot with pedicelled chlamydosperms; B,Prognetella, reproductive shoot with axillary and sessile chlamydosperms subtended by elongate leaf-like bracts; C, loosely arranged ovulate spike ofChengia andLiaoningia with shortened internodes and modified bracts; D, ovulate cone ofEphedra with a few pairs of proximal modified sterile bracts and a distal pair of modified fertile bracts, each modified fertile bract subtending an axillary and sessile chlamydosperm; E, ovulate cone ofGurvanella andBeipiaoa with one apical pair of modified fertile bracts, each subtending an axillary and sessile chlamydosperm; F,Jiangchangia, ovulate cone with two whorls of leaf-like bracts enclosing two sessile chlamydosperms
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Habitats of representative species of livingEphedra.aE. rhytidosperma Pachom. in Gobi;bE. equisetina Bunge on cliffs;cE. monosperma Gmel. ex C.A. Mey. in stony crevices
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Type locality ofJianchangia verticillata gen. et sp. nov. The solid square (■) indicates the place where the species was collected (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA;http://www.esri.com)
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