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.2020 Apr;26(4):2477-2495.
doi: 10.1111/gcb.15019. Epub 2020 Feb 20.

Impact of forest plantation on methane emissions from tropical peatland

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Impact of forest plantation on methane emissions from tropical peatland

Chandra S Deshmukh et al. Glob Chang Biol.2020 Apr.

Abstract

Tropical peatlands are a known source of methane (CH4 ) to the atmosphere, but their contribution to atmospheric CH4 is poorly constrained. Since the 1980s, extensive areas of the peatlands in Southeast Asia have experienced land-cover change to smallholder agriculture and forest plantations. This land-cover change generally involves lowering of groundwater level (GWL), as well as modification of vegetation type, both of which potentially influence CH4 emissions. We measured CH4 exchanges at the landscape scale using eddy covariance towers over two land-cover types in tropical peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia: (a) a natural forest and (b) an Acacia crassicarpa plantation. Annual CH4 exchanges over the natural forest (9.1 ± 0.9 g CH4 m-2 year-1 ) were around twice as high as those of the Acacia plantation (4.7 ± 1.5 g CH4 m-2 year-1 ). Results highlight that tropical peatlands are significant CH4 sources, and probably have a greater impact on global atmospheric CH4 concentrations than previously thought. Observations showed a clear diurnal variation in CH4 exchange over the natural forest where the GWL was higher than 40 cm below the ground surface. The diurnal variation in CH4 exchanges was strongly correlated with associated changes in the canopy conductance to water vapor, photosynthetic photon flux density, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature. The absence of a comparable diurnal pattern in CH4 exchange over the Acacia plantation may be the result of the GWL being consistently below the root zone. Our results, which are among the first eddy covariance CH4 exchange data reported for any tropical peatland, should help to reduce the uncertainty in the estimation of CH4 emissions from a globally important ecosystem, provide a more complete estimate of the impact of land-cover change on tropical peat, and develop science-based peatland management practices that help to minimize greenhouse gas emissions.

Keywords: Acacia crassicarpa; Indonesia; eddy covariance measurements; forest plantation; land-use change; methane emissions; peatland management; tropical peatlands.

© 2020 Asia Pacific Resources International Ltd. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Land‐cover map of the Kampar Peninsula, Sumatra, Indonesia and the location of research flux tower sites (a), photos of the eddy covariance instruments installed at the top of the tower at the natural forest (b), and theAcacia plantation (c), and integrated eddy covariance footprint contour lines from 10% to 80% in 10% intervals over the natural forest for June 2017–May 2019 (d), and theAcacia plantation for October 2016–May 2019 (e)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Average diurnal variation in the photosynthetic photon flux density (a, b), air temperature (c, d), vapor pressure deficit (e, f), canopy conductance to water vapor (g, h), and soil temperature (i, j) at the natural forest (left panels) and theAcacia plantation (right panels). Data were binned by time of day and then presented for all days during the measurement periods. The error bars show the standard deviation
Figure 3
Figure 3
Variations in daily air temperature (a, b), soil temperature above and below groundwater level (c, d), cumulative rainfall and groundwater level (e, f), and net ecosystem CH4 exchanges (g, h) at the natural forest (left panels) and theAcacia plantation (right panels). The vertical bar in panels (a, b, c, d) represents standard deviation. Positive value of groundwater level indicates water level above the peat surface, and negative values indicate water level below the soil surface
Figure 4
Figure 4
Diurnal variation in the net ecosystem CH4 exchanges (a, b), and daytime (10:30–18:30 hr) and nighttime (18:30–10:30 hr) ranges for net ecosystem CH4 exchanges (c, d) at the natural forest (left panels), and theAcacia plantation (right panels). The boxes show the median and the interquartile range, and whiskers denote the 10–90 range of all values
Figure 5
Figure 5
Response of the half‐hourly net ecosystem CH4 exchanges to canopy conductance to water vapor (a, e), photosynthetic photon flux density (b, f), vapor pressure deficit (c, g), and air temperature (d, h) at the natural forest (left panels), and theAcacia plantation (right panels). Data were binned by subgroups of 50 values of independent variable and corresponding net ecosystem CH4 exchange rates and then averaged for the subgroup. The vertical and horizontal bars represent the standard deviation for the subgroup. Note: we excluded measurements from 7:00 to 10:30 hr to avoid the possible bias due to flushing of nighttime accumulated CH4. The exclusion of data may have created biases in actual response curves of both ecosystems, but this bias would not change the interpretation
Figure 6
Figure 6
The relationship between the half‐hourly net ecosystem CH4 exchange and the groundwater level. Data were binned by subgroups of 50 values of groundwater level and corresponding net ecosystem CH4 exchange rates and then averaged for the subgroup. Note: we excluded measurements from 7:00 to 10:30 hr to avoid the possible bias due to flushing of nighttime accumulated CH4. The exclusion of data may have created biases in actual response curves of both ecosystems, but this bias would not change the interpretation
Figure 7
Figure 7
Impact of theAcacia plantation on net ecosystem CH4 exchange from tropical peatland
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