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Review
.2020 Mar 16;375(1794):20190116.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0116. Epub 2020 Jan 27.

Climatic and local stressor interactions threaten tropical forests and coral reefs

Affiliations
Review

Climatic and local stressor interactions threaten tropical forests and coral reefs

Filipe M França et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci..

Abstract

Tropical forests and coral reefs host a disproportionately large share of global biodiversity and provide ecosystem functions and services used by millions of people. Yet, ongoing climate change is leading to an increase in frequency and magnitude of extreme climatic events in the tropics, which, in combination with other local human disturbances, is leading to unprecedented negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs. Here, we provide an overview of how and where climate extremes are affecting the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and summarize how interactions between global, regional and local stressors are affecting tropical forest and coral reef systems through impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. We also discuss some key challenges and opportunities to promote mitigation and adaptation to a changing climate at local and global scales. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.

Keywords: biodiversity; climate change; climate extremes; coral reefs; ecosystem functioning and resilience; tropical forests.

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Conflict of interest statement

We declare we have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Tropical forest and coral reef locations ecologically affected by climate extremes. Tropical forest biome (green) was defined following the ecoregions ‘Tropical & Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests' and ‘Tropical & Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests’ [33]. The tropical marine biome (darker blue polygons) was defined as the extent of shallow-water coral-forming ecoregions [34] on the basis of sea-surface temperature (mean minimum monthly 18°C sea-surface isotherm between 1988 and 2018; [1]). Colour-coding of the dots on the map indicates different extreme climatic events: drought/fires (red), flooding (blue), heatwaves (yellow) and hurricane/cyclones (orange). Purple-coloured dots show high-intensity bleaching reports from ReefBase (www.reefbase.org) between 1990 and 2010. Data sources and references for each number are presented in the electronic supplementary material, tables S1 and S2, respectively.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Drought and bleaching impacts on tropical biodiversity-ecosystem functioning links, functional richness and functional dispersion in tropical forests and coral reefs, respectively. Dung beetle (a–d) and herbivore parrotfish communities (e–h) were surveyed before (purple) and after (blue) the 2015/2016 El Niño drought within Brazilian Amazonian forests and heatwave in Seychelles reefs, respectively. Thex-axis shows dung beetle (a,b) and parrotfish (e–f) species richness, and pre- and post-drought/heatwave surveys (c,d/g,h). They-axis represents rates of dung beetle-mediated secondary seed dispersal (a,b), parrotfish grazing rates (e,f), functional richness (c,g) and functional dispersion (d,h). Further details on functional traits, analyses and results are described in the electronic supplementary material. (Online version in colour.)
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Framework of interactive effects between climatic and anthropogenic stressors on tropical forests and reefs. Interactions may occur through modification effects, whereby the impacts per capita/per unit of one stressor is influenced by another pressure (dashed arrows), or through chain effects that may occur when both stressors have a direct influence, with one amplifying the severity of the other (adapted from the framework proposed by Didhamet al. [18]). Photos represent a coral bleaching event in Moorea and landslides after massive thunderstorms in Peruvian cloud forests, by K. Chong-Seng and M. Dehling, respectively. (Online version in colour.)
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References

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