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.2020 Feb;65(2):161-177.
doi: 10.1007/s00267-019-01245-9. Epub 2020 Jan 8.

Restoration Scaling Approaches to Addressing Ecological Injury: The Habitat-Based Resource Equivalency Method

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Restoration Scaling Approaches to Addressing Ecological Injury: The Habitat-Based Resource Equivalency Method

Mary Baker et al. Environ Manage.2020 Feb.

Abstract

Natural resource trustee agencies must determine how much, and what type of environmental restoration will compensate for injuries to natural resources that result from releases of hazardous substances or oil spills. To fulfill this need, trustees, and other natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) practitioners have relied on a variety of approaches, including habitat equivalency analysis (HEA) and resource equivalency analysis (REA). The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Habitat-Based Resource Equivalency Method (HaBREM), which integrates REA's reproducible injury metrics and population modeling with HEA's comprehensive habitat approach to restoration. HaBREM is intended to evaluate injury and restoration using organisms that use the habitat to represent ecological habitat functions. This paper seeks to expand and refine the use of organism-based metrics (biomass-based REA), providing an opportunity to integrate sublethal injuries to multiple species, as well as the potential to include error rates for injury and restoration parameters. Applied by NRDA practitioners in the appropriate context, this methodology can establish the relationship between benefits of compensatory restoration projects and injuries to plant or animal species within an affected habitat. HaBREM may be most effective where there are appropriate data supporting the linkage between habitat and species gains (particularly regionally specific habitat information), as well as species-specific monitoring data and predictions on the growth, density, productivity (i.e., rate of generation of biomass or individuals), and age distributions of indicator species.

Keywords: Ecological injury; Habitat; Natural Resource Damage Assessment; Restoration scaling.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Single habitat injury, multiple metrics, and single restoration alternative. Restoration of salt marsh needed to compensate for all injury to single habitat type (salt marsh). Metric 1 represents fish productivity, metric 2 represents benthic invertebrate productivity
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Single habitat injury, multiple metrics, and multiple restoration alternatives. Restoration of salt marsh (replanting or marine debris removal) needed to compensate for all injury to single habitat type (salt marsh). Metric 1 represents fish productivity, metric 2 represents benthic invertebrate productivity
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Multiple habitat injuries, multiple metrics, and single restoration alternative. Restoration of salt marsh needed to compensate for all injury to two habitats (salt marsh and mudflat). Metric 1 represents fish productivity, metric 2 represents benthic invertebrate productivity
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Habitat and resource injuries, multiple metrics, and single restoration alternative. Restoration needed to compensate for injury to habitat and key natural resource species. Metric 1 represents vegetation productivity as an indicator of injury to wetland habitat. Metric 2 represents migratory bird nests as an indicator of injury to wetland habitat. Specific resource injuries (reductions in migratory bird abundance and productivity based on a number of dead oiled birds) were evaluated separately from injury to wetland habitat
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Hypothetical example: Productivity of 50 acres of injured habitat over time
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Hypothetical example: Productivity of restored habitat over time. Lines depicting white shrimp production and brown shrimp production partially overlap due to the use of the same hypothetical recovery curve
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Hypothetical example: Time to compensate for each injury metric using a 21.1 acre Marsh creation project
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Hypothetical example: Injury to 50 Marsh acres offset by compensatory restoration from 21.1 acres of Marsh creation. Dashed lines indicates time at which compensation for each resource would be sufficient, however the marsh continues to produce all species over its total lifespan
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Hypothetical example: Injury to 50 Marsh acres offset by compensatory restoration from 21.1 acres of Marsh creation—Killifish and Amphipods. Dashed line indicates time at which compensation for lost killifish production would be sufficient; however, the marsh continues to produce killifish over its total lifespan. The restoration project is assumed to begin 5 years after the oil spill and remain in existence for a total of 20 years
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