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.2019 Aug 21;9(1):12158.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47994-9.

Taxonomic and functional characterization of a microbial community from a volcanic englacial ecosystem in Deception Island, Antarctica

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Taxonomic and functional characterization of a microbial community from a volcanic englacial ecosystem in Deception Island, Antarctica

Emma Martinez-Alonso et al. Sci Rep..

Abstract

Glaciers are populated by a large number of microorganisms including bacteria, archaea and microeukaryotes. Several factors such as solar radiation, nutrient availability and water content greatly determine the diversity and abundance of these microbial populations, the type of metabolism and the biogeochemical cycles. Three ecosystems can be differentiated in glaciers: supraglacial, subglacial and englacial ecosystems. Firstly, the supraglacial ecosystem, sunlit and oxygenated, is predominantly populated by photoautotrophic microorganisms. Secondly, the subglacial ecosystem contains a majority of chemoautotrophs that are fed on the mineral salts of the rocks and basal soil. Lastly, the englacial ecosystem is the least studied and the one that contains the smallest number of microorganisms. However, these unknown englacial microorganisms establish a food web and appear to have an active metabolism. In order to study their metabolic potentials, samples of englacial ice were taken from an Antarctic glacier. Microorganisms were analyzed by a polyphasic approach that combines a set of -omic techniques: 16S rRNA sequencing, culturomics and metaproteomics. This combination provides key information about diversity and functions of microbial populations, especially in rare habitats. Several whole essential proteins and enzymes related to metabolism and energy production, recombination and translation were found that demonstrate the existence of cellular activity at subzero temperatures. In this way it is shown that the englacial microorganisms are not quiescent, but that they maintain an active metabolism and play an important role in the glacial microbial community.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Ecosystems of a glacier colonized by microorganisms. Thesupraglacial ecosystem is inhabited by photoautotrophic microorganisms, and by heterotrophic bacteria and microeukaryotes that feed on organic particles from atmospheric deposition. Microorganisms in the englacial ecosystem can be chemoautotrophs or heterotrophes that feed of solubilized products. Subglacial ecosystem contains a majority of chemolithotrophic microorganisms that are fed on the mineral salts of the rocks and basal soil and occupy ice/till veins.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Geological setting of Mount Pond Glacier, Antarctica. (A) Map of Antarctica showing South Shetland Islands (Credits: NASA,http://visibleearth.nasa.gov). (B) Map of Deception Island referencing Mount Pond glacier and sampling point (red arrow). (C) West front of Mount Pond Glacier and sampling point (red circle). (D) Schematic representation of the sampling site.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Summary of the overall experimental strategy. (A) Sampling (3 direct ice samples: MP1, MP2 and MP3). (B) 16S rRNA gene sequencing. (C) Cell cultures and growth rates were monitored by optical density at 600 nm. (D) Coomassie stained 2-DE gels. (E) MALDI-TOF and MS/MS fragment ion spectra.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Microbial composition in the englacial ecosystem in Mount Pond Glacier. Pie charts represent relative abundances of major taxa of bacteria in the englacial ecosystem in Mount Pond Glacier, based on (A) 16S rRNA gene sequencing and (B) proteomics data.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Functional classification of proteins identified in gels from cultures.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Overview of the metabolic potentials between dominant microorganisms in the englacial ecosystem of Mount Pond glacier. Representative microorganisms identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and by Proteomics.aNitrogen fixation occurs only under anoxic conditions.
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