Rapid Coral Decay Is Associated with Marine Heatwave Mortality Events on Reefs

William P Leggat¹, Emma F Camp², David J Suggett², Scott F Heron³, Alexander J Fordyce¹, Stephanie Gardner⁴, Lachlan Deakin⁵, Michael Turner⁵, Levi J Beeching⁵, Unnikrishnan Kuzhiumparambil², C Mark Eakin⁶, Tracy D Ainsworth⁷

Affiliations

¹ School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Chittaway Road, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, University Drive, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
² Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
³ Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, University Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
⁴ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, University Drive, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
⁵ National Laboratory for X-Ray Micro Computed Tomography, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia.
⁶ Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
⁷ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, University Drive, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Electronic address: tracy.ainsworth@unsw.edu.au.

PMID:31402301
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.077

Free article

Rapid Coral Decay Is Associated with Marine Heatwave Mortality Events on Reefs

William P Leggat et al. Curr Biol.2019.

Free article

.2019 Aug 19;29(16):2723-2730.e4.

doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.077. Epub 2019 Aug 8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Chittaway Road, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, University Drive, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia.
² Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
³ Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, University Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
⁴ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, University Drive, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
⁵ National Laboratory for X-Ray Micro Computed Tomography, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2610, Australia.
⁶ Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
⁷ Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, University Drive, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia; Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Electronic address: tracy.ainsworth@unsw.edu.au.

PMID:31402301
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.077

Abstract

Severe marine heatwaves have recently become a common feature of global ocean conditions due to a rapidly changing climate [1, 2]. These increasingly severe thermal conditions are causing an unprecedented increase in the frequency and severity of mortality events in marine ecosystems, including on coral reefs [3]. The degradation of coral reefs will result in the collapse of ecosystem services that sustain over half a billion people globally [4, 5]. Here, we show that marine heatwave events on coral reefs are biologically distinct to how coral bleaching has been understood to date, in that heatwave conditions result in an immediate heat-induced mortality of the coral colony, rapid coral skeletal dissolution, and the loss of the three-dimensional reef structure. During heatwave-induced mortality, the coral skeletons exposed by tissue loss are, within days, encased by a complex biofilm of phototrophic microbes, whose metabolic activity accelerates calcium carbonate dissolution to rates exceeding accretion by healthy corals and far greater than has been documented on reefs under normal seawater conditions. This dissolution reduces the skeletal density and hardness and increases porosity. These results demonstrate that severe-heatwave-induced mortality events should be considered as a distinct biological phenomenon from bleaching events on coral reefs. We also suggest that such heatwave mortality events, and rapid reef decay, will become more frequent as the intensity of marine heatwaves increases and provides further compelling evidence for the need to mitigate climate change and instigate actions to reduce marine heatwaves.

Keywords: bioerosion; climate change; coral; coral reefs; decalcification; marine heatwave.

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Rapid Coral Decay Is Associated with Marine Heatwave Mortality Events on Reefs

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Rapid Coral Decay Is Associated with Marine Heatwave Mortality Events on Reefs

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