Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and therapeutic inhibitors
- PMID:31315893
- DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205822
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and therapeutic inhibitors
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human virus which infects almost all humans during their lifetime and following the acute phase, persists for the remainder of the life of the individual. EBV infects B lymphocytes leading to their immortalisation, with persistence of the EBV genome as an episome. In the latent phase, EBV is prevented from reactivating through efficient cytotoxic cellular immunity. EBV reactivates (lytic phase) under conditions of psychological stress with consequent weakening of cellular immunity, and EBV reactivation has been shown to occur in a subset of individuals with each of a variety of cancers, autoimmune diseases, the autoimmune-like disease, chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalitis and under other circumstances such as being an inpatient in an intensive care unit. Chronic EBV reactivation is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of many such diseases, yet is rarely tested for in immunocompetent individuals. This review summarises the pathogenesis of EBV infection, EBV reactivation and its role in disease, and methods which may be used to detect it. Known inhibitors of EBV reactivation and replication are discussed, including drugs licensed for treatment of other herpesviruses, licensed or experimental drugs for various other indications, compounds at an early stage of drug development and nutritional constituents such as vitamins and dietary supplements.
Keywords: Epstein-Barr virus; dietary supplement; lytic phase; pathogenesis; psychological stress; reactivation; therapeutic inhibitors; vitamins.
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
Conflict of interest statement
Competing interests: None declared.
Similar articles
- Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation.Sausen DG, Bhutta MS, Gallo ES, Dahari H, Borenstein R.Sausen DG, et al.Biomolecules. 2021 Sep 18;11(9):1380. doi: 10.3390/biom11091380.Biomolecules. 2021.PMID:34572593Free PMC article.Review.
- Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by dietary sulforaphane.Wu CC, Chuang HY, Lin CY, Chen YJ, Tsai WH, Fang CY, Huang SY, Chuang FY, Lin SF, Chang Y, Chen JY.Wu CC, et al.Mol Carcinog. 2013 Dec;52(12):946-58. doi: 10.1002/mc.21926. Epub 2012 May 29.Mol Carcinog. 2013.PMID:22641235
- Dipyridamole as a new drug to prevent Epstein-Barr virus reactivation.Thomé MP, Borde C, Larsen AK, Henriques JAP, Lenz G, Escargueil AE, Maréchal V.Thomé MP, et al.Antiviral Res. 2019 Dec;172:104615. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104615. Epub 2019 Sep 30.Antiviral Res. 2019.PMID:31580916
- Interferon-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) is required for the maintenance of Epstein-Barr virus latency.Pisano G, Roy A, Ahmed Ansari M, Kumar B, Chikoti L, Chandran B.Pisano G, et al.Virol J. 2017 Nov 13;14(1):221. doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0891-5.Virol J. 2017.PMID:29132393Free PMC article.
- Epstein-Barr virus latency: LMP2, a regulator or means for Epstein-Barr virus persistence?Longnecker R.Longnecker R.Adv Cancer Res. 2000;79:175-200. doi: 10.1016/s0065-230x(00)79006-3.Adv Cancer Res. 2000.PMID:10818681Review.
Cited by
- A retrospective analysis of EBV-DNA status with the prognosis of lymphoma.Qiu L, Si J, Kang J, Chen Z, Nuermaimaiti R, Qian Z, Li L, Zhou S, You MJ, Zhang H, Tian C.Qiu L, et al.J Cell Mol Med. 2022 Oct;26(20):5195-5201. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.17543. Epub 2022 Sep 6.J Cell Mol Med. 2022.PMID:36065965Free PMC article.
- Viral Deregulation of Apoptotic Pathways and Its Correlation With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.Tologkos S, Papadatou V, Lampropoulou V, Pagonopoulou O, Alexiadi CA, Alexiadis T, Trypsianis G, Meditskou S, Lambropoulou M.Tologkos S, et al.Cureus. 2024 Aug 29;16(8):e68095. doi: 10.7759/cureus.68095. eCollection 2024 Aug.Cureus. 2024.PMID:39347169Free PMC article.
- Novel plasma microRNA expression features in diagnostic use for Epstein-Barr virus-associated febrile diseases.Xu Y, Chen Y, Yang Q, Lu Y, Zhou R, Liu H, Tu Y, Shao L.Xu Y, et al.Heliyon. 2024 Feb 23;10(5):e26810. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26810. eCollection 2024 Mar 15.Heliyon. 2024.PMID:38444478Free PMC article.
- The Pathogenesis of Cytomegalovirus and Other Viruses Associated with Hearing Loss: Recent Updates.Shi X, Liu X, Sun Y.Shi X, et al.Viruses. 2023 Jun 16;15(6):1385. doi: 10.3390/v15061385.Viruses. 2023.PMID:37376684Free PMC article.Review.
- Multiple cross displacement amplification combined with nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of Epstein-Barr virus.Jia X, Zhou J, Xiao F, Huang X, He W, Hu W, Kong Y, Yan W, Ji J, Qi Y, Wang Y, Tai J.Jia X, et al.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 Jan 8;13:1321394. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1321394. eCollection 2023.Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024.PMID:38259964Free PMC article.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Related information
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical