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.2019 Aug 1;11(8):2055-2070.
doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz097.

Pancrustacean Evolution Illuminated by Taxon-Rich Genomic-Scale Data Sets with an Expanded Remipede Sampling

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Pancrustacean Evolution Illuminated by Taxon-Rich Genomic-Scale Data Sets with an Expanded Remipede Sampling

Jesus Lozano-Fernandez et al. Genome Biol Evol..

Abstract

The relationships of crustaceans and hexapods (Pancrustacea) have been much discussed and partially elucidated following the emergence of phylogenomic data sets. However, major uncertainties still remain regarding the position of iconic taxa such as Branchiopoda, Copepoda, Remipedia, and Cephalocarida, and the sister group relationship of hexapods. We assembled the most taxon-rich phylogenomic pancrustacean data set to date and analyzed it using a variety of methodological approaches. We prioritized low levels of missing data and found that some clades were consistently recovered independently of the analytical approach used. These include, for example, Oligostraca and Altocrustacea. Substantial support was also found for Allotriocarida, with Remipedia as the sister of Hexapoda (i.e., Labiocarida), and Branchiopoda as the sister of Labiocarida, a clade that we name Athalassocarida (="nonmarine shrimps"). Within Allotriocarida, Cephalocarida was found as the sister of Athalassocarida. Finally, moderate support was found for Hexanauplia (Copepoda as sister to Thecostraca) in alliance with Malacostraca. Mapping key crustacean tagmosis patterns and developmental characters across the revised phylogeny suggests that the ancestral pancrustacean was relatively short-bodied, with extreme body elongation and anamorphic development emerging later in pancrustacean evolution.

Keywords: Dayhoff recoding; Pancrustacea; crustacean phylogeny; remipedes; transcriptomics.

© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Figures

<sc>Fig</sc>. 1.
Fig. 1.
—(A) Saturation plots for Matrices A and B showing patristic distances and illustrating that Matrix B has greater level of saturation than Matrix A. (B–D) Schematic representation of the Bayesian results of: (B) CAT-GTR+G analysis of Matrix A, (C) CAT-GTR+G analysis of Matrix B and (D) CAT-GTR+G of Matrix A after Dayhoff-6 recoding strategy (outgroups not shown). (B–D) Support values represent posterior probabilities and only those <1 are shown. Within Hexapoda, Pterygota are depicted in gray, classically recognized “Entognatha” in orange, and Archaeognatha and Zygentoma in white. Most silhouettes are from Phylopic (phylopic.org/).
<sc>Fig</sc>. 2.
Fig. 2.
—Phylogenetic tree derived from the CAT-GTR+G analysis of the Matrix A recoded version under Dayhoff-6. Newly sequenced transcriptomes are marked with an asterisk. Burnin = 2,500, Total Cycles=10,000, subsampling frequency=10, Maxdif=0.22, Minimal effective size=64. Support values represent posterior probabilities and only those<1 are shown. Para., Paraneoptera; Pal., Paleoptera.
<sc>Fig</sc>. 3.
Fig. 3.
—Some classical crustacean characters relating to tagmosis and development mapped on a summarized version of the most robust phylogeny. (A) Schematic representation of CAT-GTR+G phylogeny of Matrix A after Dayhoff-6 recoding strategy. (B) Tagmosis patterns and gonopore positions in major taxa of Pancrustacea (figure modified from Walossek and Müller 1998a and supplemented from Boxshall 1983; Olesen 2001; Grimaldi and Engel 2005). (C) Nauplii/metanauplii of Malacostraca, Thecostraca, and Copepoda with delayed development of postmandibular limbs during naupliar sequence, which is a putative synapomorphy for Multicrustacea (see Discussion) (figure modified from Akther et al. [2015] [Thysanoessa] and Olesen 2018 [Pollicipes andAcartia]).
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