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.2019 Mar 5;9(1):3500.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33754-8.

Island Ancestors and New World Biogeography: A Case Study from the Scorpions (Buthidae: Centruroidinae)

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Island Ancestors and New World Biogeography: A Case Study from the Scorpions (Buthidae: Centruroidinae)

Lauren A Esposito et al. Sci Rep..

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Abstract

Scorpions are an excellent system for understanding biogeographical patterns. Most major scorpion lineages predate modern landforms, making them suitable for testing hypotheses of vicariance and dispersal. The Caribbean islands are endowed with a rich and largely endemic scorpion fauna, the origins of which have not been previously investigated with modern biogeographical methods. Three sets of hypotheses have been proposed to explain present patterns of diversity in the Caribbean: (1) connections via land bridges, (2) vicariance events, and (3) overwater dispersal from continents and among islands. The present study investigates the biogeographical diversification of the New World buthid scorpion subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955, a clade of seven genera and more than 110 species; infers the ancestral distributions of these scorpions; and tests the relative roles of vicariance and dispersal in the formation of their present distributions. A fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny was estimated with a Bayesian criterion to infer the dates of diversification events from which ancestral distributions were reconstructed, and the relative likelihood of models of vicariance vs. dispersal, calculated. Although both the timing of diversification and the ancestral distributions were congruent with the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis, there was no significant difference between distance-dependent models with or without the land-bridge. Heteroctenus Pocock, 1893, the Caribbean-endemic sister taxon of Centruroides Marx, 1890 provides evidence for a Caribbean ancestor, which subsequently colonized Central America and North America, and eventually re-colonized the Greater Antilles. This 'reverse colonization' event of a continent from an island demonstrates the importance of islands as a potential source of biodiversity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Present distributions of genera in the New World buthid scorpion subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955 [Reproduced with permission from 9]. (A)Centruroides Marx, 1890 andHeteroctenus Pocock, 1893. (B)Rhopalurus Thorell, 1876 andTroglorhopalurus Lourençoet al., 2004. (C)Ischnotelson Espositoet al., 2017 andPhysoctonus Mello-Leitão, 1934. (D)Jaguajir Espositoet al., 2017.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Fossil-calibrated phylogram of the New World buthid scorpion subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955. Maximum Clade Credibility phylogram inferred in BEAST and congruent with results from Maximum Likelihood inference in RAxML. Labels to right of nodes indicate median ages calculated in BEAST. Pie charts to left of nodes indicate ancestral distributions calculated using a Bayesian criterion in RASP. Calibration points indicated with stars. Map reconstructions at top reflect hypothesized landmasses, available during corresponding time periods. Squares to left of taxon names indicate present distributions (see legend). Inset photos to the left are representative of the major clades ofCentruroides: 1)Centruroides scultpuratus (Ewing, 1928), 2)Centruroides hentzi (Banks, 1900), 3)Centruroides gracilis Latreille, 1904, 4)Centruroides rileyi Sissom, 1995.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Key dispersal events in biogeographical reconstruction of the New World buthid scorpion subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955. Map reconstructions reflect hypothesized landmasses available during corresponding time periods,. Colored arrows indicate dispersal events as reconstructed in Fig. 2: dispersal of centruroidine lineages within South America during the middle Eocene; dispersal ofHeteroctonus Pocock, 1893 from South America to the Greater Antilles during the late Eocene and early Oligocene; dispersal of major lineages ofCentruroides Marx, 1890 during the Miocene, first from the Greater Antilles onto the continent (black arrow), then northward to North America (red arrow), southward through Central America (blue arrow), and finally eastward back to the Greater Antilles (yellow arrow).
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References

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