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.2018 Oct;56(5):463-475.
doi: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.463. Epub 2018 Oct 31.

Morphological Studies of Developmental Stages of Oculotrema hippopotami (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) Infecting the Eye of Hippopotamus amphibius (Mammalia: Hippopotamidae) Using SEM and EDXA with Notes on Histopathology

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Morphological Studies of Developmental Stages of Oculotrema hippopotami (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) Infecting the Eye of Hippopotamus amphibius (Mammalia: Hippopotamidae) Using SEM and EDXA with Notes on Histopathology

Nataliya Yu Rubtsova et al. Korean J Parasitol.2018 Oct.

Abstract

The present study was performed to observe histopathological effects of Oculotrema hippopotami Stunkard, 1924 infection in the eye of Hippopotamus amphibius, as well as to reveal new details of morphology and structural features of this monogenean and its comparison between 2 age stages of the parasite. This was done using both light and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and histopathology. The presence of a mixture of different generations (adult and sub-adult) in one host individual is common for Oculotrema Stunkard, 1924 in contrast to Polystoma Zeder, 1800. New metrical and graphical information obtained for adults and sub-adults compared with the previous studies. Here we show the presence of genital papillae in adults, metrical data on the distal part of the vas deferens. SEM micrographs of sperm ejaculatory structures and information about the flattened dorsal side of the body provided for the first time. Histopathological changes, such as necrosis and hemorrhage in host tissues as a result of O. hippopotami attachment structures are described. Structural analysis of different body parts of O. hippopotami of both age groups are also included. We show qualitative differences in the presence of hardening ions (S, P, Ca) in attachment structures (oral and haptor suckers) that increase with the age of the worm. The presence of sub-adults and adults on the same host, together with high levels of infection without high pathogenicity may account for Oculotrema being one of the most successful parasites among the Monogenea.

Keywords: Hippopotamus amphibius; Oculotrema hippopotami; Polystomatidae; adult; histopathology; structural analysis; sub-adult.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

We have no conflict of interests related to this work.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Position ofOculotrema hippopotami on the host eye. (A)O. hippopotami sub-adults (s) on a globe of the eye and an adult (a) on a nictitating membrane. (B) 4 adults (arrows) on a nictitating membrane of the eye of hippopotamus. (C) Cluster of adults ofO. hippopotami and 1 adult just been detached off the host tissue (arrows). (D) The rare case of the presence of 2 clusters ofO. hippopotami at the same eye globe.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Comparative sizes of an adult and sub-adult form ofOculotrema hippopotami. (A) Adult form ofO. hippopotami, ventral view. (B) Sub-adult form ofO. hippopotami, dorsal view. (C) Reproductive system of an adult form ofO. hippopotami.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
SEM of adultOculotrema hippopotami. (A) The whole body view of an adultO. hippopotami, cuticle partly contracted. (B) View from the top of the mouth end of the worm. (C) Genital papilla (arrow) and muscular copulatory organ ofO. hippopotami, with ejaculated sperms. (D) Higher magnification of muscular copulatory organ ofO. hippopotami, with ejaculated sperms. (E) The position of the genital papilla at adult specimens ofO. hippopotami. (F) Haptor of an adultO. hippopotami with 6 suckers. (G) Lateral view of one of the 6 suckers of an adultO. hippopotami.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
SEM of sub-adultOculotrema hippopotami. (A) The whole body view of a sub-adultO. hippopotami. (B) Oral sucker of a sub-adultO. hippopotami. (C) Magnified oral sucker of a sub-adultO. hippopotami. (D) Tegument plates of sub-adultO. hippopotami. (E) Honeycomb structure of tegument of sub-adult ofO. hippopotami. (F) En face view of the 6 muscular suckers of haptor of sub-adult ofO. hippopotami. (G) Higher magnification of haptor sucker of sub-adult ofO. hippopotami.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Histopathology ofOculotrema hippopotami. (A) Lateral orbit of the eye socket of a hippopotamus. Surface of the eye of the host. (B) Section of an infected hippopotamus eye displaying the 6 circles of host tissue pulled away from the surface of the eye. (C) Area of the host eyes where the monogeneanO. hippopotami had been attached. (D) Surface of the host eye whereO. hippopotami had been attached. (E) Area of the host eye where the worm was attached. (F) The result of a parasite sucker attaching to the host epithelium. (G) A single worm sucker surrounding necrotic host tissue causing extensive hemorrhaging. (H) Result of 3 parasite suckers attached to the surface of the eye. (I) Similar to figure H showing 3 of the 6 parasite suckers showing disruption of eye tissue of the host.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
EDXA data for the scan of the mouth sucker ofOculotrema hippopotami. (A) Adult specimen ofO. hippopotami. (B) Sub-adult specimen ofO. hippopotami.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
EDXA data for the scan of haptor sucker ofOculotrema hippopotami. (A) Adult specimen ofO. hippopotami. (B) Sub-adult specimen ofO. hippopotami.
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References

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    1. Jooste R. A checklist of the helminth parasites of the larger domestic and wild mammals of Zimbabwe. Trans Zimbabwe Sci Assoc. 1990;64:15–32.
    1. McCully RW, van Niekerk JW, Kruger SP. Observation of the pathology of bilharsiasis and other parasitic infestations of Hippopotamus Linnaeus, 1758, from the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1967;34:563–617. - PubMed
    1. Du Preez LH, Moeng IA. Additional morphological information on Oculotrema hippopotami Stunkard, 1924 (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) parasitic on the African hippopotamus. Afr Zool. 2004;39:225–233.
    1. Stunkard HW. A new trematode, Oculotrema hippopotami n.g., n.sp, from the eye of the hippopotamus. Parasitology. 1924;16:436–440.

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