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.2018 Sep 5;4(9):eaao1262.
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1262. eCollection 2018 Sep.

Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard

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Ancient genome-wide analyses infer kinship structure in an Early Medieval Alemannic graveyard

Niall O'Sullivan et al. Sci Adv..

Abstract

From historical and archeological records, it is posited that the European medieval household was a combination of close relatives and recruits. However, this kinship structure has not yet been directly tested at a genomic level on medieval burials. The early 7th century CE burial at Niederstotzingen, discovered in 1962, is the most complete and richest example of Alemannic funerary practice in Germany. Excavations found 13 individuals who were buried with an array of inscribed bridle gear, jewelry, armor, and swords. These artifacts support the view that the individuals had contact with France, northern Italy, and Byzantium. This study analyzed genome-wide sequences recovered from the remains, in tandem with analysis of the archeological context, to reconstruct kinship and the extent of outside contact. Eleven individuals had sufficient DNA preservation to genetically sex them as male and identify nine unique mitochondrial haplotypes and two distinct Y chromosome lineages. Genome-wide analyses were performed on eight individuals to estimate genetic affiliation to modern west Eurasians and genetic kinship at the burial. Five individuals were direct relatives. Three other individuals were not detectably related; two of these showed genomic affinity to southern Europeans. The genetic makeup of the individuals shares no observable pattern with their orientation in the burial or the cultural association of their grave goods, with the five related individuals buried with grave goods associated with three diverse cultural origins. These findings support the idea that not only were kinship and fellowship held in equal regard: Diverse cultural appropriation was practiced among closely related individuals as well.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Burial site reconstructions and location.
(Left) Burial orientation of human and horse graves at Niederstotzingen. (Right) Location of burial site in southwest Germany.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. PCA plot of Niederstotzingen individuals, modern west Eurasians, and selected ancient Europeans.
Genome-wide ancient data were projected against modern west Eurasian populations. Colors on PCA indicate more general Eurasian geographic boundaries than countries: dark green, Caucasus; bright green, eastern Europe; yellow, Sardinia and Canary Islands; bright blue, Jewish diaspora; bright purple, western and central Europe; red, southern Europe; dark brown, west Asia; light purple, Spain; dark purple, Russia; pale green, Middle East; orange, North Africa. The transparent circles serve to highlight the genetic overlap between regions of interest.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Reconstruction of first- and second-degree relatedness among all related individuals.
Bold black lines and blue lines indicate first- and second-degree relatedness, respectively. Dark blue squares are identified males with age-at-death estimates years old (y.o.), mtDNA haplotypes, and NRY haplogroups. Red circles represent unidentified females that passed maternal haplotypes to their offspring. The light square represents one male infant that shares its maternal haplotype with individuals 12B and 9. N.D., not determined.
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References

    1. D. Geuenich, Geschichte der Alemannen (Kohlhammer, 1997), vol. 575.
    1. P. J. Geary, The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe (Princeton Univ. Press, 2002).
    1. Hummer H. J., The fluidity of barbarian identity: The ethnogenesis of Alemanni and Suebi, AD 200–500. Early Mediev. Eur. 7, 1–27 (1998).
    1. H. Steuer, Archaeology and history: Proposals on the social structure of the Merovingian kingdom, in The Birth of Europe: Archaeology and Social Development in the First Millennium A.D., K. Randsborg, Ed. (L’Erma di Bretschneider, 1989), pp. 100–122.
    1. Eckardt H., Müldner G., Lewis M., People on the move in Roman Britain. World Archaeol. 46, 534–550 (2014).

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