.2018 Aug 20;9(1):3336.

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9.

Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation

Éadaoin Harney^{1 2 3}, Hila May^{4 5}, Dina Shalem⁶, Nadin Rohland⁷, Swapan Mallick^{7 8 9}, Iosif Lazaridis^{7 10}, Rachel Sarig^{11 12}, Kristin Stewardson^{7 9}, Susanne Nordenfelt^{7 9}, Nick Patterson^{8 9}, Israel Hershkovitz^{13 11}, David Reich^{7 10 8 9}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. eadaoinharney@gmail.com.
² Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. eadaoinharney@gmail.com.
³ The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. eadaoinharney@gmail.com.
⁴ Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel. mayhila@post.tau.ac.il.
⁵ Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel. mayhila@post.tau.ac.il.
⁶ The Institute for Galilean Archaeology, Kinneret Academic College, Kinneret, 15132, Israel.
⁷ Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
⁸ Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA.
⁹ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
¹⁰ The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
¹¹ Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
¹² The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
¹³ Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.

PMID:30127404
PMCID: PMC6102297
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9

Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation

Éadaoin Harney et al. Nat Commun.2018.

.2018 Aug 20;9(1):3336.

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. eadaoinharney@gmail.com.
² Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. eadaoinharney@gmail.com.
³ The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. eadaoinharney@gmail.com.
⁴ Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel. mayhila@post.tau.ac.il.
⁵ Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel. mayhila@post.tau.ac.il.
⁶ The Institute for Galilean Archaeology, Kinneret Academic College, Kinneret, 15132, Israel.
⁷ Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
⁸ Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142, MA, USA.
⁹ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
¹⁰ The Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
¹¹ Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Steinhardt Natural History Museum, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
¹² The Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.
¹³ Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel.

PMID:30127404
PMCID: PMC6102297
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9

Erratum in

Publisher Correction: Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation.
Harney É, May H, Shalem D, Rohland N, Mallick S, Lazaridis I, Sarig R, Stewardson K, Nordenfelt S, Patterson N, Hershkovitz I, Reich D.Harney É, et al.Nat Commun. 2018 Sep 20;9(1):3913. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06484-8.Nat Commun. 2018.PMID:30237547Free PMC article.

Abstract

The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500-3900/3800 BCE) is qualitatively distinct from previous and subsequent periods. Here, to test the hypothesis that the advent and decline of this culture was influenced by movements of people, we generated genome-wide ancient DNA from 22 individuals from Peqi'in Cave, Israel. These individuals were part of a homogeneous population that can be modeled as deriving ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic, and ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic. The Peqi'in population also appears to have contributed differently to later Bronze Age groups, one of which we show cannot plausibly have descended from the same population as that of Peqi'in Cave. These results provide an example of how population movements propelled cultural changes in the deep past.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Site background.a Location of the site of Peqi’in Cave.b Photo of the interior of Peqi’in Cave. Photo Hila May, courtesy of the Dan David Center of Human Evolution and Biohistory.c Photo of several burial urns (ossuaries) from Peqi’in Cave. Scale bar: 10 cm. Photo Mariana Salzberger, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. This figure is not included under the CC BY license for this article. All rights reserved

**Fig. 2**
Genetic diversity in the ancient Levant. Heterozygosity increases in ancient Levantine populations over time. The estimated statistic ± 3 standard errors is indicated

**Fig. 3**
Genetic structure of analyzed individuals.a Principal component analysis of 984 present-day West Eurasians (shown in gray) with 306 ancient samples projected onto the first two principal component axes and labeled by culture.b ADMIXTURE analysis of 984 and 306 ancient samples withK = 11 ancestral components. Only ancient samples are shown

**Fig. 4**
Genetic characteristics of the Levant_ChL.a The statisticf₄(Levant_ChL, A; Levant_N, Chimpanzee) demonstrates a close relationship between the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Levant populations, as the Levant Neolithic shares more alleles with the Levant Chalcolithic than with any other populations.b The statisticf₄(Levant_N, Levant_ChL; A, Chimpanzee) shows an asymmetrical relationship between Levant_N and Levant_ChL and other ancient West Eurasian populations. The statistic is most negative for populations from Iran and the Caucasus, indicating that Levant_ChL shares more alleles with them than does Levant_N.c The statisticf₃(Levant_ChL; Levant_N, A) tests for signals of admixture in Levant_ChL. Negativef₃-statistics indicate that the Levant_ChL population is admixed. Populations from Iran and the Caucasus produce the most negative statistics. The estimated statistic ± 3 standard errors is indicated

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Ussishkin D. The Ghassulian shrine at En-gedi. Tel Aviv. 1980;7:1–44. doi: 10.1179/033443580788441071. - DOI
1. Seaton, P.Chalcolithic Cult and Risk Management at Teleilat Ghassul: The Area E Sanctuary (CMP (UK) Ltd., 2008).
1. Levy, T. E.Archaeology, Anthropology, and Cult—The Sanctuary at Gilat (Israel, London, 2006).
1. Perrot, J. & Ladiray, D.À Ossuaires De La Région Côtière Palestinienne Au Iv Millénaire Avant L'ère Chrétienne (Association Paléorient, 1980).
1. van den Brink, E. C. inShoham (North): Late Chalcolithic Burial Caves in the Lod Valley, Israel (eds van den Brink, E. C. et al.) 175–190 (Israel Antiquities Authority, 2005).

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Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation

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Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation

Authors

Affiliations

Erratum in

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Miscellaneous