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.2018 Jun 27;13(6):e0197766.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197766. eCollection 2018.

Analyses of phenotypic differentiations among South Georgian Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) populations reveal an undescribed and highly endangered species from New Zealand

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Analyses of phenotypic differentiations among South Georgian Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) populations reveal an undescribed and highly endangered species from New Zealand

Johannes H Fischer et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

Unresolved taxonomy of threatened species is problematic for conservation as the field relies on species being distinct taxonomic units. Differences in breeding habitat and results from a preliminary molecular analysis indicated that the New Zealand population of the South Georgian Diving Petrel (Pelecanoides georgicus) was a distinct, yet undescribed, species. We measured 11 biometric characters and scored eight plumage characters in 143 live birds and 64 study skins originating from most populations of P. georgicus, to assess their taxonomic relationships. We analysed differences with principal component analyses (PCA), factorial ANOVAs, and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests. Results show that individuals from New Zealand differ significantly from P. georgicus from all other populations as following: 1) longer wings, 2) longer outer tail feathers, 3) deeper bills, 4) longer heads, 5) longer tarsi, 6) limited collar extent, 7) greater extent of contrasting scapulars, 8) larger contrasting markings on the secondaries, 9) paler ear coverts, 10) paler collars, and 11) paler flanks. Furthermore, we used a species delimitation test with quantitative phenotypic criteria; results reveal that the New Zealand population of P. georgicus indeed merits species status. We hereby name this new species Pelecanoides whenuahouensis sp. nov. Due to severe reductions in its range and the very low number of remaining birds (~150 individuals limited to a single breeding colony on Codfish Island/Whenua Hou) the species warrants listing as 'Critically Endangered'. An abstract in the Māori language/Te Reo Māori can be found in S1 File.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Distribution ofPelecanoides georgicus samples.
Origin, number, type (live/study skin), and corresponding pool of samples used in the assessment of phenotypic differentiations between allopatric populations ofPelecanoides georgicus. The species’ distribution is based on [47].
Fig 2
Fig 2. Scoring scale for plumage characters inPelecanoides georgicus populations.
(A) Extent of contrasting ear coverts: 1 = absent, 4 = reaching over the eye. (B) Extent of collar: 1 = absent, 4 = fully connected. (C) Extent of contrasting scapulars: 1 = absent, 4 = prominent and virtually connected.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Scoring matrix for shape and extent of variation of markings on secondaries inPelecanoides georgicus populations.
Shape (horizontal): 1 = absent, 4 = present on tip, inner and outer vane. Extent (vertical): 1 = absent, 5 = covering at least one vane entirely.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Principal component analysis (PCA) scatterplot of biometric characters ofPelecanoides georgicus samples.
novus =P.g.novus, NZ = New Zealand, SAO = South Atlantic Ocean, SIO = South Indian Ocean.n = 190.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Principal component analysis (PCA) scatterplot of plumage characters ofPelecanoides georgicus samples.
novus =P.g.novus, NZ = New Zealand, SAO = South Atlantic Ocean, SIO = South Indian Ocean.n = 169.
Fig 6
Fig 6. Study skins ofPelecanoides georgicus from different populations (Johannes H. Fischer).
(A) Dorsal view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Lateral view. SAO = NMNZ OR.18421; origin: South Georgia, U.K., South Atlantic Ocean. SIO = NMNZ OR.24768; origin: Heard Island, Australia, South Indian Ocean. NZ = NMNZ OR.21631; origin: Dundas Island, Auckland Islands, New Zealand. Note differences in bill depth (NZ having the highest/deepest), collar extent (SIO having the largest), extent of contrasting scapulars (NZ having the largest), and contrasting white markings on secondaries (NZ having the largest) among others.
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The New Zealand part of the fieldwork (JHF) was supported by the National Geographic Society (grant number WW-249C-17), the Ornithological Society of New Zealand (2015 Birds NZ Research Fund;https://www.osnz.org.nz/2015-BNZRF-Projects), the Coastal Restoration Trust of New Zealand (2016 Post Graduate Study Award;http://www.coastalrestorationtrust.org.nz/annual-awards/postgraduate-student-award/), the Centre for Biodiversity and Restoration Ecology (2015 CBRE Project Grant;https://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-biodiversity-restoration-ecology), the Australasian Seabird Group (2016 Student Grant;http://www.birdlife.org.au/locations/australasian-seabird-group/latest-news-asg), and a public crowdfunder (2016 Experiment Seabird Challenge; DOI:10.18258/7331). The Kerguelen part of the field work (CAB) was supported by the French Polar Institute (Institut Paul-Emile Victor, Program 394 “Oiseaux Plongeurs”;http://www.institut-polaire.fr/ipev-en/support-for-science/supported-programs/) and the Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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