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.2018 Feb 12;8(1):2844.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21316-x.

Communication in necrophagous Diptera larvae: interspecific effect of cues left behind by maggots and implications in their aggregation

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Communication in necrophagous Diptera larvae: interspecific effect of cues left behind by maggots and implications in their aggregation

Quentin Fouche et al. Sci Rep..

Abstract

Necrophagous Calliphoridae breed in vertebrate carrion. Their larvae aggregate and form large masses of individuals. These aggregated larvae can reach adulthood faster than scattered larvae, increasing their chances of survival. Furthermore, the gathering of larvae of different species suggests possible interspecific aggregation vectors. In this context, the effect of larval ground-left cues on larvae of Calliphora vomitoria and Lucilia sericata was studied. We used video tracking to follow larvae placed in binary choice tests. We observed (1) a preference of both species for a side marked by conspecific or heterospecific larvae compared to an unmarked side, (2) a preference of L. sericata larvae for a conspecific-marked side compared to a heterospecific-marked side but only at high concentration of cues and (3) a preference of both species for the side marked by the greater number of larvae. These results demonstrate that larvae leave a mark locally which is retentive, has an interspecific range, has an effect proportional to its intensity and whose strength varies depending on the emitting species. According to the self-organization theory, this mark could enhance larval gathering and promote interspecific aggregations. While not yet demonstrated, an interspecific Allee effect could explain the interspecific association of necrophagous calliphorid larvae.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Binary-choice setup used during the first and second steps of trials. During the first step, the arena was divided in two. In this example, one side was marked by five larvae for 10 minutes (grey, marked side) while the other side remained blank (white, unmarked side). In the second step, the partition and the marking larvae were removed and a naive larva was placed into the center of the arena. Its displacements were then video-tracked for 5 minutes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) Two examples of tracks (red, left side) performed by two different larvae (a1 and a2) having spent most of their time in the marked side (dark gray) than in the control side (unmarked side; light gray). Crosses indicate the place where the larvae was located when recording started (i.e. 2 or 3 seconds after being deposited at the center of the arena). (B) Colormaps related to the two tracks above (right side, b1 with a1, b2 with a2). The color gradient reveals the differences in the time spent by the larva at the different locations (from blue to red: from the least to the most of time spent).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean differences (mean ± s.e.m.) in time spent between marked and non-marked sides. The time difference was calculated by subtracting the time spent on the non-marked side from the time spent on the marked side. The results obtained with naiveL. sericata larvae are reported in green, while those forC. vomitoria are in blue. 30 replicates were performed for each condition. Student’s t test and Wilcoxon test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mean differences (mean ± s.e.m.) in time spent between the sides marked by different species. The time difference was obtained by subtracting the time spent on the side marked byC. vomitoria larvae from the time spent on the side marked byL. sericata larvae. The results obtained with naiveL. sericata larvae are reported in green, while those forC. vomitoria are in blue. 30 replicates were performed for each condition. Student’s t test and Wilcoxon test, ***P < 0.001.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mean differences (mean ± s.e.m.) in time spent in the side marked by 40 larvae minus the time spent in the side marked by 5 larvae. The results obtained with naiveL. sericata larvae are reported in green, while those forC. vomitoria are in blue. 30 replicates were performed for each condition. Student’s t test and Wilcoxon test, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
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