Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
Thehttps:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

NIH NLM Logo
Log inShow account info
Access keysNCBI HomepageMyNCBI HomepageMain ContentMain Navigation
pubmed logo
Advanced Clipboard
User Guide

Full text links

Nature Publishing Group full text link Nature Publishing Group Free PMC article
Full text links

Actions

Share

.2018 Jan 29;8(1):1821.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-20218-2.

Extra-Mediterranean glacial refuges in barred and common grass snakes (Natrix helvetica, N. natrix)

Affiliations

Extra-Mediterranean glacial refuges in barred and common grass snakes (Natrix helvetica, N. natrix)

Carolin Kindler et al. Sci Rep..

Abstract

Extra-Mediterranean glacial refugia of thermophilic biota, in particular in northern latitudes, are controversial. In the present study we provide genetic evidence for extra-Mediterranean refugia in two species of grass snake. The refuge of a widely distributed western European lineage of the barred grass snake (Natrix helvetica) was most likely located in southern France, outside the classical refuges in the southern European peninsulas. One genetic lineage of the common grass snake (N. natrix), distributed in Scandinavia, Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, had two distinct glacial refuges. We show that one was located in the southern Balkan Peninsula. However, Central Europe and Scandinavia were not colonized from there, but from a second refuge in Central Europe. This refuge was located in between the northern ice sheet and the Alpine glaciers of the last glaciation and most likely in a permafrost region. Another co-distributed genetic lineage of N. natrix, now massively hybridizing with the aforementioned lineage, survived the last glaciation in a structured refuge in the southern Balkan Peninsula, according to the idea of 'refugia-within-refugia'. It reached Central Europe only very recently. This study reports for the first time the glacial survival of a thermophilic egg-laying reptile species in Central Europe.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sampling sites for mitochondrial lineages of the barred grass snake (Natrix helvetica, blue triangles) and the common grass snake (N. natrix, yellow circles and red stars). Insets:N. helvetica (left, Linz am Rhein, Germany; photo: Wolfgang Böhme) andN. natrix (right, Moritzburg, Germany; photo: Melita Vamberger). Map was created usingarcgis 10.2 (www.esri.com/arcgis) andadobe illustrator CS6 (www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Hypotheses for the location of the glacial refuge and Holocene range expansion of the blue lineage of the barred grass snake (Natrix helvetica). Schematic representation of landmass, ice sheet and glacier areas during the Last Glacial Maximum (approx. 20,000 years ago) according to Diercke International Atlas 2010 (ISBN 978-3-14-100790-9). Light blue areas correspond to the possible southern(a) or northern refuge(b) of the blue lineage ofN. helvetica. ‘High’ and ‘low’ indicate expected genetic diversities; location of putative refugia is speculative and arbitrary. Map was created usingarcgis 10.2 (www.esri.com/arcgis) andadobe illustrator CS6 (www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Hypotheses for the location of glacial refuges and Holocene range expansions of the yellow and red lineages of the common grass snake (Natrix natrix).(a) Range expansions from two distinct southern Balkan refuges (yellow and red circles) leading to secondary admixture in Central Europe and in the Balkan Peninsula,(b) antidromic range expansions from a northern (yellow circle) and southern refuge (red circle) leading to secondary admixture in Central Europe and in the Balkan Peninsula,(c) range expansion from one Balkan refuge harbouring two distinct mtDNA lineages (ancestral polymorphism). ‘High’ and ‘low’ indicate expected genetic diversities; location of putative refugia is speculative and arbitrary. Maps were created usingarcgis 10.2 (www.esri.com/arcgis) andadobe illustrator CS6 (www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Northern and southern groups for samples ofNatrix helvetica (n = 403). Map was created usingarcgis 10.2 (www.esri.com/arcgis) andadobe illustrator CS6 (www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Northern and southern groups of the yellow lineage (n = 499) ofNatrix natrix (left) and subdivision of the northern group (right). Maps were created usingarcgis 10.2 (www.esri.com/arcgis) andadobe illustrator CS6 (www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Northern and southern groups of the red lineage (n = 443) ofNatrix natrix (left) and subdivision of the southern group (right). Maps were created usingarcgis 10.2 (www.esri.com/arcgis) andadobe illustrator CS6 (www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Phylogeographic hypotheses for genetic lineages ofNatrix helvetica andN. natrix explicitly tested usingdiyabc. Scenarios 1 and 2 correspond to gradual diversification from an ancient population, while scenario 3 corresponds to sudden expansion.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Parsimony networks of 1,372 ND4+tRNA sequences of barred and common grass snakes. Symbol sizes reflect haplotype frequencies. Small black circles are missing node haplotypes; each line connecting two haplotypes corresponds to one mutation step, if not otherwise indicated by numbers. Haplotype colours represent mitochondrial lineages. Lighter or darker nuances show the occurrence of haplotypes in the northern or southern distribution area according to Figs 4, 5 (left) and 6 (left). Two-coloured haplotypes occurred in the respective northern and southern groups; colours do not indicate percentages of occurrence.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Pairwise mismatch distributions using all samples of the respective groups. Rarefied sampling resulted consistently in the same patterns. Broken green lines are expected frequencies of pairwise differences under demographic expansion. Solid red lines and circles, observed values. Symbols correspond to Figs 4–6.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Putative glacial refuges and schematic range expansions of genetic lineages ofNatrix helvetica (blue lineage) andN. natrix (yellow and red lineages). Expansion times fromdiyabc indicated. Exact location of refugia is arbitrary. Map was created usingarcgis 10.2 (www.esri.com/arcgis) andadobe illustrator CS6 (www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Hewitt GM. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature. 2000;405:907–913. doi: 10.1038/35016000. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hewitt GM. Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1996;58:247–276. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01434.x. - DOI
    1. Hewitt GM. Quaternary phylogeography: the roots of hybrid zones. Genetica. 2011;139:617–638. doi: 10.1007/s10709-011-9547-3. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Taberlet P, Fumagalli L, Wust-Saucy A-G, Cosson J-F. Comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in Europe. Mol. Ecol. 1998;7:453–464. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00289.x. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Schmitt T. Molecular biogeography of Europe: Pleistocene cycles and postglacial trends. Front. Zool. 2007;4:11. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-4-11. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full text links
Nature Publishing Group full text link Nature Publishing Group Free PMC article
Cite
Send To

NCBI Literature Resources

MeSHPMCBookshelfDisclaimer

The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp