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.2017 Dec 19;14(1):36.
doi: 10.1186/s12987-017-0085-y.

A 3D subject-specific model of the spinal subarachnoid space with anatomically realistic ventral and dorsal spinal cord nerve rootlets

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A 3D subject-specific model of the spinal subarachnoid space with anatomically realistic ventral and dorsal spinal cord nerve rootlets

Lucas R Sass et al. Fluids Barriers CNS..

Abstract

Background: The spinal subarachnoid space (SSS) has a complex 3D fluid-filled geometry with multiple levels of anatomic complexity, the most salient features being the spinal cord and dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets. An accurate anthropomorphic representation of these features is needed for development of in vitro and numerical models of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics that can be used to inform and optimize CSF-based therapeutics.

Methods: A subject-specific 3D model of the SSS was constructed based on high-resolution anatomic MRI. An expert operator completed manual segmentation of the CSF space with detailed consideration of the anatomy. 31 pairs of semi-idealized dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets (NR) were added to the model based on anatomic reference to the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and cadaveric measurements in the literature. Key design criteria for each NR pair included the radicular line, descending angle, number of NR, attachment location along the spinal cord and exit through the dura mater. Model simplification and smoothing was performed to produce a final model with minimum vertices while maintaining minimum error between the original segmentation and final design. Final model geometry and hydrodynamics were characterized in terms of axial distribution of Reynolds number, Womersley number, hydraulic diameter, cross-sectional area and perimeter.

Results: The final model had a total of 139,901 vertices with a total CSF volume within the SSS of 97.3 cm3. Volume of the dura mater, spinal cord and NR was 123.1, 19.9 and 5.8 cm3. Surface area of these features was 318.52, 112.2 and 232.1 cm2 respectively. Maximum Reynolds number was 174.9 and average Womersley number was 9.6, likely indicating presence of a laminar inertia-dominated oscillatory CSF flow field.

Conclusions: This study details an anatomically realistic anthropomorphic 3D model of the SSS based on high-resolution MR imaging of a healthy human adult female. The model is provided for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be used as a tool for development of in vitro and numerical models of CSF dynamics for design and optimization of intrathecal therapeutics.

Keywords: 3D reconstruction; Cerebrospinal fluid; Cerebrospinal fluid hypothermia; Dura mater; Intrathecal drug delivery; Nerve roots; Neurapheresis; Spinal cord; Spinal cord injury; Spinal subarachnoid space.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
T2-weighted MRI data were collected as three volumes,a craniocervical,b thoracic,c Lumbosacral. A variety of artifacts exist in and around the SSS,d–f including the anterior spinal artery (ASA), left and right vertebral arteries (LV and LR), epidural space (ES), dura mater (DM), spinal cord (SC), and dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets (NR) in particular near the cauda equina. Note: the 3D geometry provided in this manuscript only includes the CSF within the spine below the foramen magnum (L left,R right,A anterior,P posterior)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Geometric mesh optimization was performed to produce a simplified quadrilateral mesh from the original segmentation mesh
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
a The final dural and spinal cord surfaces (yellow) were visually compared to their respective segmentations (blue) through an overlay to determine the quality of the reconstruction. Manual sculpting was used to improve areas where there was surface bias.b For comparison, the final model is overlaid on representative axial MRI slices at three axial locations, C4/5, T6/7 and L1/2
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Complete spinal geometry showing detail in the cervical (green), thoracic (blue), lumbar (violet), and sacral (red) regions compared to anatomic imagery of respective locations [–86]. Note: all model calculations are made for SSS region located below the foramen magnum only (picture shows part of foramen magnum for illustration of connection to brain)
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Visualization of the final quadrilateral surface mesh showing internal view of the spinal cord NR in the cervical spine with view in the caudal direction
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
a Subject-specific CSF flow waveforms measured at C2/3, C7/T1 and T10/11 by phase contrast MRI.b Subject-specific quantification of CSF pulse wave velocity (PWV) along the spine estimated to be ~ 19.4 cm/s based on a linear fit (dotted line) of peak flow rate arrival times (dashed line)
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Quantification of axial distribution of geometric and hydrodynamic parameters in terms ofa perimeter,b area,c hydraulic diameter,d Reynolds and Womersley number,e peak flow rate in the caudal direction (systole) and rostral direction (diastole),f mean velocity of CSF flow at peak systole and diastole
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Summary of spinal subarachnoid space (SSS) volumes computed in published studies in the literature using MR imaging applied for adult-aged subjects (studies in Table 3). A decreasing trend in SSS CSF volume occurs with age (error bars represent standard deviations, triangles indicate studies with patients and circles indicate studies with healthy controls)
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