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doi: 10.7717/peerj.4059. eCollection 2017.

Lowland extirpation of anuran populations on a tropical mountain

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Lowland extirpation of anuran populations on a tropical mountain

Marconi Campos-Cerqueira et al. PeerJ..

Abstract

Background: Climate change and infectious diseases threaten animal and plant species, even in natural and protected areas. To cope with these changes, species may acclimate, adapt, move or decline. Here, we test for shifts in anuran distributions in the Luquillo Mountains (LM), a tropical montane forest in Puerto Rico by comparing species distributions from historical (1931-1989)and current data (2015/2016).

Methods: Historical data, which included different methodologies, were gathered through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and published literature, and the current data were collected using acoustic recorders along three elevational transects.

Results: In the recordings, we detected the 12 native frog species known to occur in LM. Over a span of ∼25 years, two species have become extinct and four species suffered extirpation in lowland areas. As a consequence, low elevation areas in the LM (<300 m) have lost at least six anuran species.

Discussion: We hypothesize that these extirpations are due to the effects of climate change and infectious diseases, which are restricting many species to higher elevations and a much smaller area. Land use change is not responsible for these changes because LM has been a protected reserve for the past 80 years. However, previous studies indicate that (1) climate change has increased temperatures in Puerto Rico, and (2)Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) was found in 10 native species and early detection of Bd coincides with anurans declines in the LM. Our study confirms the general impressions of amphibian population extirpations at low elevations, and corroborates the levels of threat assigned by IUCN.

Keywords: ARBIMON; Acoustic monitoring; Animal distribution; Anuran; Climate change; Elevation; Infectious disease; Local extinctions; Occupancy; Range shift.

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Conflict of interest statement

Both authors are employees of Sieve Analytics, which owns the ARBIMON platform. ARBIMON was used to store and analyze all audio recordings.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Map of the Luquillo Mountains and their location in NE Puerto Rico.
The black circles represent sites sampled in 2015/2016 and circles with a dot represent sites with historical data. Different colors represent differences in elevation (m).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Comparison of raw data on species presence along the elevation gradient for 14 frog species in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico.
Open circles represent positive detections from historical data and black circles represent positive detections from current data.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Historical (black line) and current (blue line) estimated elevation distributions of 11 frog species in Puerto Rico.
The observed data are show in open circles (historical) and blue circles (current). The historical and current elevation profiles were estimated by model-averaging all models with ΔAIC< 2.0. The grey and blue shaded area represent the 95% confidence intervals. Data for the two extinct species (E. eneidae andE. karlschmidti) andE. coqui, which occur at all elevations in the historical and current data, are not included.
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References

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Grants and funding

Marconi Campos-Cerqueira was supported by the fellowship “Science Without Borders” from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) at Brazil (8933/13-8). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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