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Review
.2017 Oct 30:6:1909.
doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12178.1. eCollection 2017.

CD1: From Molecules to Diseases

Affiliations
Review

CD1: From Molecules to Diseases

D Branch Moody et al. F1000Res..

Abstract

The human cluster of differentiation (CD)1 system for antigen display is comprised of four types of antigen-presenting molecules, each with a distinct functional niche: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d. Whereas CD1 proteins were thought solely to influence T-cell responses through display of amphipathic lipids, recent studies emphasize the role of direct contacts between the T-cell receptor and CD1 itself. Moving from molecules to diseases, new research approaches emphasize human CD1-transgenic mouse models and the study of human polyclonal T cellsin vivo orex vivo in disease states. Whereas the high genetic diversity of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded antigen-presenting molecules provides a major hurdle for designing antigens that activate T cells in all humans, the simple population genetics of the CD1 system offers the prospect of discovering or designing broadly acting immunomodulatory agents.

Keywords: CD1; T cell receptor; TCR; antigen display.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.No competing interests were disclosed.No competing interests were disclosed.No competing interests were disclosed.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Three general models for CD1–lipid–T-cell receptor ternary interactions that highlight possible approaches to the design of therapeutic ligands.
TCR, T-cell receptor.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Model for generation of lipid neo-antigens from intact membrane lipids.
The figure shows this through the action of phospholipases present in house dust mites and bee and wasp venoms, and viruses. Whereas cleavage of phosphatidylcholine is shown here, experimental evidence suggests that a similar mechanism could apply to other membrane phospholipids, including phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol. Newly generated lipid neo-antigens generated from self cellular lipids by phospholipases are thought to be loaded on CD1a through an unknown mechanism, where they can be presented to CD1a-reactive T cells.
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