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.2017 Jun 28;12(6):e0180000.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180000. eCollection 2017.

Population structure of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia

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Population structure of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia

Edi Santosa et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

The corms and leaves of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) are important foods in the local diet in many Asian regions. The crop has high productivity and wide agroecological adaptation and exhibits suitability for the agroforestry system. Although the plant is assumed to reproduce via panmixia, a comprehensive study on the genetic background across regions to enhance wider consumer palatability is still lacking. Here, ten informative microsatellites were analyzed in 29 populations across regions in India, Indonesia and Thailand to understand the genetic diversity, population structure and distribution to improve breeding and conservation programs. The genetic diversity was high among and within regions. Some populations exhibited excess heterozygosity and bottlenecking. Pairwise FST indicated very high genetic differentiation across regions (FST = 0.274), and the Asian population was unlikely to be panmictic. Phylogenetic tree construction grouped the populations according to country of origin with the exception of the Medan population from Indonesia. The current gene flow was apparent within the regions but was restricted among the regions. The present study revealed that Indonesia and Thailand populations could be alternative centers of the gene pool, together with India. Consequently, regional action should be incorporated in genetic conservation and breeding efforts to develop new varieties with global acceptance.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Study sites in India, Indonesia and Thailand.
Filled dots denote study sites; provinces or islands are shown in insets; and numbers in an inset denote sampling sites. Bold lines are possible routes of gene flow. See S1 Table for the population codes and site descriptions.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Dendrogram of the genetic distance among 29Amorphophallus paeoniifolius populations using unrooted neighbor joining.
The bar shows genetic distance.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Phylogenetic tree among 29Amorphophallus paeoniifolius populations from India, Indonesia and Thailand using 1,000 bootstrap replicates.
The bar shows the genetic distance. The MED and WEST populations were considered out groups from the Indonesian and Indian populations, respectively.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Inflorescence and cultivation ofAmorphophallus paeoniifolius.
(A) Inflorescence of elephant foot yams at anthesis. (B) Rough petiole ofA.paeoniifolius var.sylvestris; the corm is considered less palatable in Lombok-Indonesia. (C) A large plant in Rayong Province, Thailand. (D) Semi-wild plants in an abandoned farm in Lombok-Indonesia. (E) Growing plants in an open lowland field in Kerala state, India.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Model-based ancestry for each individual inAmorphophallus paeoniifolius populations with enforcement of the clusters K = 3, K = 4 and K = 5.
The color codes represent the clusters of the STRUCTURE analysis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

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The research was financially supported by Grant-In-Aid from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (https://www.jsps.go.jp); and Japan Science Foundation Grant No. 16-007 (http://www2.jsf.or.jp) to ES. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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