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.2017 Apr 19;12(4):e0170053.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170053. eCollection 2017.

A new species of Tometes Valenciennes 1850 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin based on integrative analysis of molecular and morphological data

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A new species of Tometes Valenciennes 1850 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin based on integrative analysis of molecular and morphological data

Marcelo C Andrade et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

A new large serrasalmid species of Tometes is described from the Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin. Tometes siderocarajensis sp. nov. is currently found in the rapids of the Itacaiúnas River Basin, and formerly inhabited the lower Tocantins River. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners, except from T. ancylorhynchus, by the presence of lateral space between 1st and 2nd premaxillary teeth, and by the absence of lateral cusps in these two teeth. However, T. siderocarajensis sp. nov. can be differentiated from syntopic congener T. ancylorhynchus by an entirely black with mottled red body in live specimens, densely pigmented pelvic fins with a high concentration of dark chromatophores, and the presence of 39 to 41 rows of circumpeduncular scales (vs. silvery body coloration with slightly reddish overtones on middle flank during breeding period in live specimens, hyaline to slightly pale coloration on distalmost region of pelvic fins, and 30 to 36 rows of circumpeduncular scales). Additionally, molecular sequence shows that T. siderocarajensis sp. nov. is reciprocally monophyletic, and diagnosable from all congeners by having two autapomorphic molecular characters in the mitochondrial gene COI. The phylogenetic reconstruction still show that T. siderocarajensis sp. nov. is closely related to T. trilobatus. This is the first molecular study using an integrative taxonomic approach based on morphological and molecular sequence data for all described species of Tometes. These findings increase the number of formally described species of Tometes to seven. A key to the Tometes species is provided.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
Tometes siderocarajensis sp. nov. from Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin, (a) MPEG 33922, holotype photographed alive, male, 338.0 mm SL; (b) MZUSP 117052, paratype, preserved specimen, male, 341.3 mm SL.
Fig 2
Fig 2
Ventral view of pelvic fins:Tometes siderocarajensis sp. nov. (a) MPEG 33925, paratype, male, 332.0 mm SL, and (b) GEA 1944, paratype, female, 200.3 mm SL.Tometes ancylorhynchus, (c) GEA 1955, female, 158.5 mm SL.Tometes lebaili, (d) MNHN 1993‒3452, female, 251.0 mm SL.Tometes trilobatus, (e) MNHN 1998–0099, female, 248.0 mm SL.
Fig 3
Fig 3
Premaxilla of theTometes siderocarajensis sp. nov., GEA 1945, female, 280.0 mm SL, (a) lateral view, (b) internal view. 1‒5: Labial premaxillary row; 1’‒2’: Lingual premaxillary row;ap: Ascending process of premaxilla;lp: Lateral process of premaxilla;d: Dimple of articulation with anterodorsal portion of maxillary; gap: lateral space between 1 and 2.
Fig 4
Fig 4
Tometes siderocarajensis, paratypes, (a) INPA 52811, female, 227.3 mm SL, (b) ZUEC 12598, female, 328.0 mm SL. Preserved specimens.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree of 28 mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences from sevenTometes species using uncorrectedp-distance, showing the correct discrimination by distance genetic approach of the all species.
Bootstrap values based on 1000 replicates are indicated at the branches.
Fig 6
Fig 6. Maximum Likelihood tree inferred in RAxML using the concatenated data matrix of two mitochondrial genes (COI and Control Region), showing phylogenetic relationships within the genusTometes genus.
The numbers above branches are bootstrap probabilities > 50%.Myloplus schomburgkii andMyloplus rubripinnis were used as outgroups.
Fig 7
Fig 7. Itacaiúnas River, Pará State, at Mosaic of Conservation Units of Serra dos Carajás, type locality ofTometes siderocarajensis.
Fig 8
Fig 8. Distribution map ofTometes species.
Tometes ancylorhynchus (white squares),T.kranponhah (blue pentagon),T.makue (purple triangle),T.camunani (black circle),T.lebaili (green circle), andT.trilobatus (yellow diamond).Tometes siderocarajensis (stars); orange star represents the type locality, black star the record before Tucuruí hydroelectric reservoir, and red stars the remaining localities. MCU: Mosaic of Conservation Units.
Fig 9
Fig 9
Teeth ofTometes trilobatus, (a) MNHN A.8650, lectotype, male, 337.3 mm SL, ventral view of premaxilla, (b) MNHN A.8649, paralectotype, female, 370.8 mm SL, lateral view. 1‒2: first and second teeth of labial premaxillary row; 4‒5: fourth and fifth teeth of lingual premaxillary row.
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References

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    1. Machado-Allison A. Studies on the Systematics of the Subfamily Serrasalminae (Pisces-Characidae). Washington DC: The George Washington University; 1982. p. 267.

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MCA: Coordenação de Aproveitamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior # grant 6666/2015-9. TG: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico # grant 308278/2012-7, Coordenação de Aproveitamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Programa Nacional de Pós Doutorado, Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisa do Pará # grant 011/2015. IPF: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico # CNPq/PRONEX/FAPEAM. This research was supported by PROPESP-UFPA (# grant 23073.004649/2017-06).

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