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.2017 Jun;62(6):422-430.
doi: 10.1177/0706743717702075. Epub 2017 Mar 29.

Suicide Ideation and Attempts among First Nations Peoples Living On-Reserve in Canada: The Intergenerational and Cumulative Effects of Indian Residential Schools

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Suicide Ideation and Attempts among First Nations Peoples Living On-Reserve in Canada: The Intergenerational and Cumulative Effects of Indian Residential Schools

Robyn Jane McQuaid et al. Can J Psychiatry.2017 Jun.

Abstract
in English, French

Objective: Suicide rates among Indigenous peoples in Canada are at least twice that of their non-Indigenous counterparts. Although contemporary stressors contribute to this increased risk, historical experiences such as the Indian Residential School (IRS) system may also have continuing links with the risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The current investigation examined the intergenerational and cumulative links between familial IRS attendance in relation to lifetime suicide ideation and attempts among First Nations adults living on-reserve.

Method: Data from the 2008-2010 First Nations Regional Health Survey were analyzed, and participants comprised a representative sample of First Nations adults older than 18 years (weighted N = 127,338; IRS attendees were excluded). Of those who knew their familial IRS history, 38.0% had no history of attendance, 19.3% had a grandparent who attended, 16.2% had a parent who attended, and 26.5% had a parent and grandparent who attended.

Results: Exposure of one previous familial generation to the IRS experience was associated with increased risk for lifetime suicide ideation (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.84; P = 0.001) and attempts (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.94; P < 0.016) compared with those with no IRS history. Having 2 generations of IRS familial history was associated with greater odds of reporting a suicide attempt compared with having one generation (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.75; P = 0.022), which was reduced when current levels of distress and ideation were accounted for.

Conclusion: Findings support the existence of linkages between intergenerational exposure to IRS and risk for suicidal ideation and attempts and for a potential cumulative risk in relation to suicide attempts across generations.

Objectif:: Les taux de suicide chez les peuples autochtones du Canada sont au moins le double de ceux de leurs homologues non autochtones. Bien que les stresseurs contemporains contribuent à ce risque accru, les expériences historiques comme le système des pensionnats indiens (PI) peuvent aussi avoir des liens continus avec le risque d’idées et de comportements suicidaires. La présente recherche a examiné les liens intergénérationnels et cumulatifs entre la fréquentation familiale des PI relativement à l’idéation et aux tentatives de suicide de durée de vie chez les adultes des Premières nations habitant dans des réserves.

Méthode:: Les données de l’Enquête régionale sur la santé des Premières nations 2008-2010 ont été analysées, et les participants constituaient un échantillon représentatif des adultes de plus de 18 ans des Premières nations (N pondéré = 127 338) (les pensionnaires des PI étaient exclus). De ceux qui connaissaient leurs antécédents familiaux à l’égard des PI, 38,0% n’avaient pas d’antécédents de fréquentation des PI, 19,3% avaient un grand-parent qui les avait fréquentés, 16,2% avaient un parent qui les avait fréquentés, et 26,5% avaient un parentet un grand-parent qui les avaient fréquentés.

Résultats:: L’exposition d’une génération familiale précédente à l’expérience des PI était associée à un risque accru d’idéation suicidaire de durée de vie [RC = 1,46; IC à 95% 1,16 à 1,84;p = 0,001] et de tentatives de suicide [RC = 1,44; IC à 95% 1,07 à 1,94;p < 0,016] comparativement à ceux qui n’ont pas d’antécédents de PI. Avoir deux générations d’antécédents familiaux de PI était associé à de plus fortes probabilités de déclarer une tentative de suicide comparativement à n’avoir qu’une génération [RC = 1,35; IC à 95% 1,05 à 1,75;p = 0,022], ce qui était réduit quand les niveaux actuels de détresse et d’idéation étaient pris en compte.

Conclusion:: Les résultats soutiennent l’existence de liens entre l’exposition intergénérationnelle aux PI et le risque d’idéation et de tentatives de suicide, et d’un risque cumulatif potentiel relativement aux tentatives de suicide dans toutes les générations.

Keywords: First Nations; Indian Residential School; historical trauma; suicide.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
A flow diagram depicting the sample criteria and exclusions.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Rates of suicide ideation ± SE (left panel) and suicide attempts ± SE (right panel) among participants with no familial history of Indian Residential School attendance, those with 1 generation (parent or grandparent) or 2 generations of attendance.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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References

    1. First Nations Centre. First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey (RHS) 2002/03: Results for adults, youth and children living in First Nations communities. Ottawa (ON: ): First Nations Centre; 2005.
    1. First Nations Information Governance Centre. First Nations Regional Health Survey (RHS) phase 2 (2008/10) national report on adults, youth and children living in First Nations communities. Ottawa (ON): The First Nations Information Governance Centre; 2012.
    1. Government of Canada. Aboriginal mental health and well-being In: The human face of mental health and mental illness in Canada (Chapter 12). Ottawa (ON; ): Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada; 2006.
    1. Bombay A, Matheson K, Anisman H. The intergenerational effects of Indian Residential Schools: implications for the concept of historical trauma. Transcult Psychiatry. 2014;51(3):320–338. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Brave Heart MY. Oyate Ptayela: rebuilding the Lakota Nation through addressing historical trauma among Lakota parents. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 1999;2(1-2):109–126.

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