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.2017 Jan 25;284(1847):20161902.
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1902.

A new Late Cretaceous iguanomorph from North America and the origin of New World Pleurodonta (Squamata, Iguania)

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A new Late Cretaceous iguanomorph from North America and the origin of New World Pleurodonta (Squamata, Iguania)

David G DeMar Jr et al. Proc Biol Sci..

Abstract

Iguanomorpha (stem + crown Iguania) is a diverse squamate clade with members that predominate many modern American lizard ecosystems. However, the temporal and palaeobiogeographic origins of its constituent crown clades (e.g. Pleurodonta (basilisks, iguanas, and their relatives)) are poorly constrained, mainly due to a meagre Mesozoic-age fossil record. Here, we report on two nearly complete skeletons from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of North America that represent a new and relatively large-bodied and possibly herbivorous iguanomorph that inhabited a semi-arid environment. The new taxon exhibits a mosaic of anatomical features traditionally used in diagnosing Iguania and non-iguanian squamates (i.e. Scleroglossa; e.g. parietal foramen at the frontoparietal suture, astragalocalcaneal notch in the tibia, respectively). Our cladistic analysis of Squamata revealed a phylogenetic link between Campanian-age North American and East Asian stem iguanomorphs (i.e. the new taxon + Temujiniidae). These results and our evaluation of the squamate fossil record suggest that crown pleurodontans were restricted to the low-latitude Neotropics prior to their early Palaeogene first appearances in the mid-latitudes of North America.

Keywords: Cretaceous; Iguanomorpha; Palaeogene; Pleurodonta; palaeobiogeography; palaeoecology.

© 2017 The Author(s).

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Holotype (MOR 6627) and referred (MOR 7042) specimens ofMagnuviator ovimonsensis gen. et sp. nov. (a,b) Holotype nearly complete skeleton in ventral view. Photograph (a) and corresponding labelled illustration (b). (c–e) Referred specimen skull and mandibles. Virtual two-dimensional rendering of skull and mandibles (c) in dorsal view derived from computed and micro-computed tomography (CT and µCT, respectively) data. Labelled reconstructions of skull (d) and right mandible (e) in dorsal and lingual views, respectively. Squamosal shape (dashed lines ind) is based on MOR 6627. Dark transparent grey shading represents missing bones such as the postfrontal (see the electronic supplementary material, file S1 for details). Anatomical abbreviations: a, angular; aiaf, anterior inferior alveolar foramen; amyf, anterior mylohyoid foramen; apr, angular process; ar, articular; c, coronoid; e, epipterygoid; f, frontal; fop, parietal foramen; j, jugal; L., left; mc, Meckel's canal; mx, maxilla; n, nasal; o, otooccipital; p, parietal; pa, palatine; plf, palatine foramen; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pr, prootic; pra, prearticular; prf, prefrontal; prfb, prefrontal boss; ps, parasphenoid; q, quadrate; rap, retroarticular process; sa, surangular; so, supraoccipital; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; v, vomer. Scale bars, 10 mm (a,b) and 5 mm (c–e).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Time-calibrated phylogenetic interrelationships ofMagnuviator ovimonsensis gen. et sp. nov. and the geographic distributions of fossil iguanomorphs and extant and extinct pleurodontans. (a) Strict consensus of 16 most parsimonious trees. Taxon temporal ranges and occurrences are indicated by the horizontal black bars and circles, respectively. Node ages for Squamata (193 Ma) and Chamaeleontiformes (99 Ma) per [11] and [36], respectively. Pleurodontan divergences constrained per [8]. The Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is marked by the red arrow at the top of the figure. Da, Dactyloidaesensu [8]; JUR, Jurassic; Lc, Leiocephalidae; N, Neogene; Pg, Palaeogene; Po, Polychrotidae; TRI, Triassic. (b) New World geographic distributions of Late Cretaceous and early Palaeogene iguanomorphs and fossil and extant pleurodontans. Modern New World pleurodontan distributions shown in red. Fossil taxa are represented by the numbered symbols: star,Magnuviator ovimonsensis; 1,Cnephasaurus locustivorus and unnamed ‘iguanids’ [22]; 2, non-acrodontan iguanomorph [25]; 3,Pariguana lancensis [23]; 4,Pristiguana brasiliensis [14]; 5,Brasiliguana prudentis [37]; 6, ?Iguanidae [38]; 7,Swainiguanoides milleri [39]; 8, ?Iguanidae [40]; 9,Anolbanolis banalis [41]; 10,Afairiguana avius [42]; 11,Babibasiliscus alxi [20]. (c) Temporal distributions of fossil taxa. Numbered symbols (1–11) correspond to those on the map at (b) and are the approximate age. The shaded horizontal bar behind 5 denotes age uncertainty [37]. The left diamond labelled with a 1 represents the age ofCnephasaurus locustivorus as well as some unnamed ‘iguanids’; the right diamond labelled with a 1 represents the other unnamed ‘iguanids’ [22].
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