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.2016 Oct 28;8(11):313.
doi: 10.3390/toxins8110313.

Effect of Various Compounds Blocking the Colony Pigmentation on the Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus

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Effect of Various Compounds Blocking the Colony Pigmentation on the Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus

Vitaly G Dzhavakhiya et al. Toxins (Basel)..

Abstract

Aflatoxins and melanins are the products of a polyketide biosynthesis. In this study, the search of potential inhibitors of the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis was performed among compounds blocking the pigmentation in fungi. Four compounds-three natural (thymol, 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, compactin) and one synthetic (fluconazole)-were examined for their ability to block the pigmentation and AFB1 production inAspergillus flavus. All compounds inhibited the mycelium pigmentation of a fungus growing on solid medium. At the same time, thymol, fluconazole, and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde stimulated AFB1 accumulation in culture broth ofA. flavus under submerged fermentation, whereas the addition of 2.5 μg/mL of compactin resulted in a 50× reduction in AFB1 production. Moreover, compactin also suppressed the sporulation ofA. flavus on solid medium. In vivo treatment of corn and wheat grain with compactin (50 μg/g of grain) reduced the level of AFB1 accumulation 14 and 15 times, respectively. Further prospects of the compactin study as potential AFB1 inhibitor are discussed.

Keywords: 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde; Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin B1; compactin; fluconazole; fungal melanins; polyketide biosynthesis; thymol.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Compounds used in the study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of various compounds on the colony growth and pigmentation ofAspergillus flavus. (A) 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde; (B) thymol; (C) fluconazole; (D) compactin.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of various compactin concentrations on the mycelium growth ofAspergillus flavus on liquid medium.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of the tested compounds on the aflatoxin B1 production byAspergillus flavus: (a) compactin; (b) fluconazole; (c) 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde; (d) thymol.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of the tested compounds on the aflatoxin B1 production byAspergillus flavus: (a) compactin; (b) fluconazole; (c) 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde; (d) thymol.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Aflatoxin B1 content in extracts from wheat and corn grain treated with compactin and artificially infected with toxigenicAspergillus flavus.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Development ofAspergillus flavus on grain treated with compactin (5 μg/g of dry grain): (a) control and (b) treated wheat grain; (c) control and (d) treated corn grain.
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