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.2016 Oct 12;11(10):e0163740.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163740. eCollection 2016.

Around the World in Eight Million Years: Historical Biogeography and Evolution of the Spray Zone Spider Amaurobioides (Araneae: Anyphaenidae)

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Around the World in Eight Million Years: Historical Biogeography and Evolution of the Spray Zone Spider Amaurobioides (Araneae: Anyphaenidae)

F Sara Ceccarelli et al. PLoS One..

Abstract

Closely related organisms with transoceanic distributions have long been the focus of historical biogeography, prompting the question of whether long-distance dispersal, or tectonic-driven vicariance shaped their current distribution. Regarding the Southern Hemisphere continents, this question deals with the break-up of the Gondwanan landmass, which has also affected global wind and oceanic current patterns since the Miocene. With the advent of phylogenetic node age estimation and parametric bioinformatic advances, researchers have been able to disentangle historical evolutionary processes of taxa with greater accuracy. In this study, we used the coastal spider genus Amaurobioides to investigate the historical biogeographical and evolutionary processes that shaped the modern-day distribution of species of this exceptional genus of spiders. As the only genus of the subfamily Amaurobioidinae found on three Southern Hemisphere continents, its distribution is well-suited to study in the context of Gondwanic vicariance versus long-distance, transoceanic dispersal. Ancestral species of the genus Amaurobioides appear to have undergone several long-distance dispersal events followed by successful establishments and speciation, starting from the mid-Miocene through to the Pleistocene. The most recent common ancestor of all present-day Amaurobioides species is estimated to have originated in Africa after arriving from South America during the Miocene. From Africa the subsequent dispersals are likely to have taken place predominantly in an eastward direction. The long-distance dispersal events by Amaurobioides mostly involved transoceanic crossings, which we propose occurred by rafting, aided by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the West Wind Drift.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Alternative topologies for testing the phylogenetic placement ofAmaurobioides chilensis.
Schematic diagrams of five topological scenarios tested by marginal likelihood comparison obtained through steppingstone sampling in MrBayes forAmaurobioides, with the monophyly constrained for alternative nodes. The letter “M” indicates the nodes for which monophyly was constrained, with parsimony bootstrap percentages below. The tree terminals contain the continent in uppercase letters (with AU for Australia and NZ for New Zealand in brackets) and the species names in italics underneath. Sister species relations which were supported in the original analyses are kept as a single terminal in the schematic diagrams.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Phylogenetic tree ofAmaurobioides inferred by MrBayes for the concatenated data.
Tree inferred using COI, 16S, H3a and 28S data, obtained by 50% consensus of 10,000 trees. Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) > = 0.9 are represented as circles at the nodes (black: 1< = PP<0.95; white: 0.95< = PP<0.9) and bootstrap support values from 1,000 replicates on the tree obtained by parsimony analysis, are shown to the left of each node. Missing values indicate the clade was not recovered.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Time-calibrated species tree and photographs.
Time-calibrated species tree ofAmaurobioides using *BEAST shown on the left. Blue node bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density intervals for node ages. Bayesian posterior probability values are shown at nodes. Codes in brackets next to terminal taxa names correspond to their areas of distribution (AM = South America; AF = Africa; AU = South Australia; AT = Tasmania; NN = North Island and northern part of South Island of New Zealand; NS = central and southern part of South Island of New Zealand). Photos to the right of the tree are ofAmaurobioides maritima female (top left; photo M.J. Ramírez), twoA.maritima retreats from Jackson Bay, South Island, New Zealand (top right; photo B.D. Opell) and typical habitat ofA.maritima, Waikawa, South Island, New Zealand (bottom; photo M.J. Ramírez).
Fig 4
Fig 4. Biogeographical areas and events estimations.
Biogeographical areas and events estimations obtained from the West Wind Drift-constrained run with the DIVALIKE+J algorithm. Coloured symbols at the tips of the species tree represent the current sampling localities of the specimens used in this study, shown also on the bottom map using the same colours and shapes. Additionally, codes in brackets by the tips of the species tree correspond to the areas of distribution (AM = South America; AF = Africa; AU = South Australia; AT = Tasmania; NN = North Island and northern part of South Island of New Zealand; NS = central and southern part of South Island of New Zealand). Pie charts at the nodes of the species tree represent the relative probabilities of the ancestral areas, while pie charts at the corners represent the relative probabilities of founder-effect dispersal to new areas. Smaller maps to the right of the species tree represent historical events during given epochs, with arrows representing estimated long-distance dispersal events. Bottom map contains the sampling localities of the specimens used in this study, colour and shape coded as in the terminal branches of the tree. Arrows represent dispersal events inferred in this study (solid line: ancestralAmaurobioides species; dashed line: mrca ofAmaurobioides). The grey box around Australia and New Zealand indicates that the exact events within those areas remain unresolved. The red oval marked A+C shows the position of Auckland and Campbell Islands.
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This work was supported by the National Geographic Society (http://www.nationalgeographic.com) research grant 7557-03 to BDO. Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (http://www.agencia.mincyt.gob.ar/) research grant PICT 2011-1007 to MJR. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (http://www.conicet.gov.ar/) BecaPosdoc13 to FSC.

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