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.2016 Sep 21;3(9):160462.
doi: 10.1098/rsos.160462. eCollection 2016 Sep.

The first iguanian lizard from the Mesozoic of Africa

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The first iguanian lizard from the Mesozoic of Africa

Sebastián Apesteguía et al. R Soc Open Sci..

Abstract

The fossil record shows that iguanian lizards were widely distributed during the Late Cretaceous. However, the biogeographic history and early evolution of one of its most diverse and peculiar clades (acrodontans) remain poorly known. Here, we present the first Mesozoic acrodontan from Africa, which also represents the oldest iguanian lizard from that continent. The new taxon comes from the Kem Kem Beds in Morocco (Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous) and is based on a partial lower jaw. The new taxon presents a number of features that are found only among acrodontan lizards and shares greatest similarities with uromastycines, specifically. In a combined evidence phylogenetic dataset comprehensive of all major acrodontan lineages using multiple tree inference methods (traditional and implied weighting maximum-parsimony, and Bayesian inference), we found support for the placement of the new species within uromastycines, along withGueragama sulamericana (Late Cretaceous of Brazil). The new fossil supports the previously hypothesized widespread geographical distribution of acrodontans in Gondwana during the Mesozoic. Additionally, it provides the first fossil evidence of uromastycines in the Cretaceous, and the ancestry of acrodontan iguanians in Africa.

Keywords: Acrodonta; Cretaceous; Gondwana; Squamata; biogeography; phylogeny.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The estimated silhouette of the skull of MNHN.F.MRS51.1 is based onUromastyx aegyptia (FMNH 78661). Scale bar equals 5 mm.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Position of the type locality (Gara Tabroumit) indicated on a satellite image of Northwest Africa.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Holotype ofJeddaherdan aleadonta (MNHN.F.MRS51.1) in (a) dorsal; (b) lateral; (c) medial; (d) ventral views. Scale bar equals 5 mm. Abbreviations follow Evans [31]. An.ft, angular facet; A.pr, alveolar process; Co.ft, coronoid facet; Co.pr, coronoid process; D.su, dentary sulcus; m.f, mental foramen; Mk.g, Meckel's groove; pv.pr, posteroventral process; San.ft, surangular facet; sd.cr, sub-dental crest; sd.sh, sub-dental shelf; si.cr, sinusoidal crest; tt.w, tooth wear; Part.ft, prearticular facet.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Maximum-parsimony analyses of the combined morphological and molecular datasets. (a) Strict consensus tree (8313 steps) inferred from 53 most parsimonious trees (7620 steps; consistency index = 0.357; retention index = 0.409 each) obtained from the traditional MP analysis. (b) Strict consensus (fit = 632.00542) of the five best fit trees (7631 steps, fit = 625.290572, CI = 0.357, RI = 0.408 in each tree) inferred from the MP analysis under implied weighting. Blue box = Uromastycinae.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Bayesian consensus tree drawn from the 1073 trees obtained from the Bayesian inference of the combined datasets. Values on branches indicate clade posterior probabilities, and branches are proportional to their lengths. Green box = Leiolepidinae, blue box = Uromastycinae.
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