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.2016 Jul 28:6:30516.
doi: 10.1038/srep30516.

Cognitive differences between orang-utan species: a test of the cultural intelligence hypothesis

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Cognitive differences between orang-utan species: a test of the cultural intelligence hypothesis

Sofia I F Forss et al. Sci Rep..

Abstract

Cultural species can - or even prefer to - learn their skills from conspecifics. According to the cultural intelligence hypothesis, selection on underlying mechanisms not only improves this social learning ability but also the asocial (individual) learning ability. Thus, species with systematically richer opportunities to socially acquire knowledge and skills should over time evolve to become more intelligent. We experimentally compared the problem-solving ability of Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo abelii), which are sociable in the wild, with that of the closely related, but more solitary Bornean orang-utans (P. pygmaeus), under the homogeneous environmental conditions provided by zoos. Our results revealed that Sumatrans showed superior innate problem-solving skills to Borneans, and also showed greater inhibition and a more cautious and less rough exploration style. This pattern is consistent with the cultural intelligence hypothesis, which predicts that the more sociable of two sister species experienced stronger selection on cognitive mechanisms underlying learning.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Overall task performance over the different tasks and subtasks byPongo pygmaeus andPongo abelii.
Subjects ofP.abelii were significantly more likely to solve a task thanP. pygmaeus subjects (Binomial GLMM: B = 1.934, SE = 0.74, z = 2.63, P < 0.01).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Latency to solution in detour reaching task.
Among the subjects who solved the task, Sumatrans showed faster latencies until solution in detour reaching task (LM: NSumatra = 10, NBorneo = 10, Pspecies = 0.049, βspecies = −94.53 ± 44.28, Page = 0.155, Psex = 0.760).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Proportion correctly solved tubes in tube trap task.
Sumatran individuals achieved significantly more correct tubes than Borneans (LM: NSumatra = 14, NBorneo = 8, Pspecies = 0.011, βspecies = 0.127 ± 0.045, Page = 0.123, Psex = 0.737).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Latencies to taste novel (a,b) and familiar food (c,d). Sumatran subjects took longer to taste novel food than Bornean subjects and an interaction effect of age and species was found within the Sumatran subjects: (LM: NSumatra = 14, NBorneo = 12, Pspecies < 0.001, βspecies = 2.123 ± 0.496, Psex = 0.990, Page = 0.781, Pinteraction: age/species = 0.001, βinteraction: age/species = −0.069 ± 0.020). The familiar food condition showed neither a species nor an age effect (LM: NSumatra = 15, NBorneo = 9, Pspecies = 0.340, Psex = 0.500, Page = 0.257).
Figure 5
Figure 5. Exploration styles.
Exploration rates (corrected for total time at apparatus): gentle exploration and rough exploration for both novel toy (a,b) (Gentle exploration: LM: NSumatra = 19, NBorneo = 9, Pspecies = 0.031, βspecies = −0.163 ± 0.071, Page = 0.069, Psex = 0.169, rough exploration: LM: NSumatra = 19, NBorneo = 9, Pspecies < 0.001, βspecies = −0.167 ± 0.036, Page = 0.636, Psex = 0.155), and detour reaching task (c,d) (Gentle exploration: LM: NSumatra = 10, NBorneo = 10, Pspecies = 0.648, Page = 0.794, Psex = 0.478, rough exploration: LM: NSumatra = 10, NBorneo = 10, Pspecies = 0.042, βspecies = −0.050 ± 0.023, Page = 0.301, Psex = 0.134).
Figure 6
Figure 6. Relevant exploration.
Proportion of relevant exploration time devoted to the honey extraction, corrected for total exploration duration of apparatus. Sumatran females spent more time exploring the relevant parts of the problem solving apparatus than Bornean, and males showed less relevant exploration time than females (LM: NSumatra = 19, NBorneo = 13, Pspecies = 0.064, βspecies = 0.139 ± 0.072, Page = 0.210, Psex = 0.029, βsex = −0.183 ± 0.080).
Figure 7
Figure 7. Reversal learning task.
Proportion of lids opened of wrong colour corrected for total amount of lids touched in the reversal learning task. Sumatran subjects opened less wrong coloured lids than Bornean subjects, (LM: NSumatra = 16, NBorneo = 8, Pspecies = 0.011, βspecies = −0.092 ± 0.033, Page = 0.899, Psex = 0.475).
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